We've always supported the work of one of our favourite activist groups, Physicians for Social Responsibility. Their strong voice helped educate and put reason into all of society during the darkest days of the Cold War in the 1980s. Helping the World realise that the bulk of humanity could be destroyed in even a limited exchange of nuclear weapons, and putting pressure on politicians on nuclear arms/weapons issues. Since then, they have enlarged their focus to speaking out on global warming and other pressing environmental issues, weighing in with their expert scientific analyses.
Japan is still suffering greatly, as a result of the Fukushima disaster, in March 2011. And with strong earthquake potential still quite high in the area, there is still not just a Japanese hazard looming, from a huge pool of spent fuel from Reactor 4, but a global one.
http://akprogressive.blogspot.com/2012/06/days-of-fukushima-past-and-heat-is-on.html#sfmsg_-7890|0|0@@
This is the Physicians for Social Responsibility's latest report on the current situation in Japan and the status of the Fukushima Daiichi disaster.
http://truth-out.org/news/item/12832-costs-and-consequences-of-the-fukushima-daiichi-disaster
Costs and Consequences of the Fukushima Daiichi Disaster Monday, 19 November 2012 10:55 By Steven Starr, Physicians for Social Responsibility | News Analysis
The destruction of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in March 2011, caused by an earthquake and subsequent tsunami, resulted in massive radioactive contamination of the Japanese mainland. In November 2011, the Japanese Science Ministry reported that long-lived radioactive cesium had contaminated 11,580 square miles (30,000 sq km) of the land surface of Japan.[i] Some 4,500 square miles – an area almost the size of Connecticut – was found to have radiation levels that exceeded Japan’s allowable exposure rate of 1 mSV (millisievert) per year.
About a month after the disaster, on April 19, 2011, Japan chose to drastically increase its official “safe” radiation exposure levels[ii] from 1 mSv to 20 mSv per year – 20 times higher than the US exposure limit. This allowed the Japanese government to downplay the dangers of the fallout and avoid evacuation of many badly contaminated areas.
However, all of the land within 12 miles (20 km) of the destroyed nuclear power plant, encompassing an area of about 230 square miles (600 sq km), and an additional 80 square miles (200 sq km) located northwest of the plant, were declared too radioactive for human habitation.[iii] All persons living in these areas were evacuated and the regions were declared to be permanent “exclusion” zones.
The precise value of the abandoned cities, towns, agricultural lands, businesses, homes and property located within the roughly 310 sq miles (800 sq km) of the exclusion zones has not been established.
Estimates of the total economic loss range from $250[iv]-$500[v] billion US. As for the human costs, in September 2012, Fukushima officials stated that 159,128 people had been evicted from the exclusion zones, losing their homes and virtually all their possessions. Most have received only a small compensation to cover their costs of living as evacuees. Many are forced to make mortgage payments on the homes they left inside the exclusion zones. They have not been told that their homes will never again be habitable.
Radioactive cesium has taken up residence in the exclusion zone, replacing the human inhabitants. Cesium-137 has a half-life of 30 years, and since it takes about 10 half-lives for any radionuclide to disappear, it will maintain ownership of the exclusion zone for centuries.
Once a large amount of radioactive cesium enters an ecosystem, it quickly becomes ubiquitous, contaminating water, soil, plants and animals. It has been detected in a large range of Japanese foodstuffs, including spinach, tea leaves, milk, beef, and freshwater fish up to 200 miles from Fukushima. Radioactive cesium bioaccumulates, bioconcentrates, and biomagnifies as it moves up the food chain. Routine ingestion of foods contaminated with so-called “low levels” of radioactive cesium has been shown to lead to its bioaccumulation in the heart and endocrine tissues, as well as in the kidneys, small intestines, pancreas, spleen and liver. This process occurs much faster in children than in adults, and children are many times more susceptible than adults to the effects of the ionizing radiation their internal organs are then exposed to.
Decontamination in the exclusion zones is proving futile. Efforts to clean up highly contaminated areas are generally failing because melting snow and rainwater run off the contaminated hills and return to recontaminate homes and land. Diversion ditches have failed to stop the process. Areas significantly contaminated with radioactive cesium and other long-lived radionuclides can no longer sell and export agricultural crops.
In addition to its effects on land, the Fukushima disaster produced the largest discharge of radioactive material into the ocean in history.[vi] Fifteen months after 733,000 curies of radioactive cesium were pumped into the Pacific, 56 percent of all fish catches off Japan were found to be contaminated with it.[vii] Fishing continues to be banned off the coast of Fukushima, where 40 percent of bottom dwelling fish (sole, halibut, cod) were recently found to have radioactive cesium levels higher than current Japanese regulatory limits.
Meanwhile, the destroyed Fukushima reactors and spent fuel ponds, which hold huge quantities of radioactive waste, are far from being stabilized. Reactors #1, #2 and #3 every day discharge radioactive gases that emit a billion becquerels of radiation. The uranium cores of reactors 1, 2 and 3, which completely melted down and then melted through the bottom of the steel reactor vessel,[viii] will continue to produce enormous amounts of radiation and heat for many years. Every day, ten tons of seawater is poured upon each of the melted cores; the water becomes intensely radioactive and then rapidly leaks out of the containment4 into the adjacent turbine building. It is then pumped through an expensive cooling system that traps the radioactivity in filters the size of small cars, which become highly radioactive and are being placed in a nearby field. Fifty million gallons of intensely radioactive water have already been collected and stored on site.[ix] Thousands of additional radioactive gallons continue to accumulate daily, and the jury-rigged pipe system connecting the storage tanks remains at risk, should another large quake strike the area.
Other forms of maintenance are also required to avoid potentially catastrophic radiation-releasing events. The intense gamma radiation from the melted fuel causes the seawater to disassociate into hydrogen and oxygen gas. In order to prevent further hydrogen explosions, which have already destroyed the buildings housing reactors 1, 3 and 4, nitrogen gas must be continually pumped into the leaking containment vessel. This process must continue for another six or seven years. Reactor building #4 was severely damaged by the earthquake and a massive hydrogen explosion. It holds a spent fuel pool with 1,532 nuclear fuel assemblies, which contain about 10 times more radioactive cesium than was released by the Chernobyl disaster.[x] Should building 4 collapse, its fuel pool would lose its cooling water, and the gamma radiation from the exposed fuel assemblies would then be immediately lethal to anyone within 300 feet. It would be impossible to access the site, including the common pool that contains 6,000 fuel assemblies, which is located 50 feet from building 4.
Thus the collapse of building 4 could lead to the release of many times more radiation than has already escaped from Fukushima. This would leave much of Japan uninhabitable and would constitute a global disaster.
Tokyo Power and Electric Company (TEPCO, the owner of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant) is pursuing a timetable that will require about two and a half years to safely removed the spent fuel assemblies from building 4. In August, TEPCO stated that reactor 4 building can withstand a quake in the upper 6 magnitude.[xi] Let’s hope so, because experts forecast that there is a high probability of an earthquake of this magnitude or greater occurring at Fukushima.[xii] It is an open question as to whether or not building 4 could withstand such an event.
There are 23 nuclear reactors of the same design as those at Fukushima now operating in the US. US spent fuel pools contain many times more spent fuel than the spent fuel pool at reactor building 4 in Fukushima Daiichi.[xiii] It is past time to shut these reactors down and place their spent fuel rods in dry-cask storage, which is not vulnerable to a loss-of-coolant disaster.[xiv]
[references available at web link, eds]
Fukushima is the nail in the coffin for nuclear energy. Germany has forsaken it, promising to be completely free of it by 2020. Other European and Asian countries are inclining similarly, as are the people of Japan, at odds with their government. And rightfully so, it is incredibly dangerous, dirty, and hazardous, for thousands of years.
Even in the US, it seems more and more that nuclear fission energy will die a slow, but steady death, as current reactors age, and none more are built to take their place.
There are increasingly more and more options developing across the globe, as a large number of people see dirty fossil fuel energy as being impossible to sustain, without altering the planet tremendously, in ways that would destroy much of humanity.
We really like the link below, for it's exciting new clean energy generation potential. As a child in San Diego, CA, in 1978 I still remember seeing a 30 min. documentary on our local station XETV-6 (radio and TV stations in Mexico are given X designations. Because their government allows stronger transmitters, many southern CA radio and TV stations broadcast from right across the border) about the "new hydrogen economy" promised to develop in the 1980s and beyond. With solar power being used to split water, in giant solar plants, that would then ship the cleanly generated H2 gas out for mass use in transportation fueling.
It never did develop unfortunately, but still could, if enough popular pressure develops to thwart the power of the fossil fuel corporations. In this documentary, the research group showed off a 1978 Chrysler Cordoba (right at the peak of Detroit's large-car building). It had been converted to run on hydrogen. All that was done, was the installation of a tank of "metal hydrides", mainly lithium. This metal honeycomb would safely store enough hydrogen gas at regular temperatures to give a car a several hundred mile range, but still used the same gas lines and carburetor (before fuel injection!). When heated slightly, the tank gave out a small, steady stream of hydrogen gas. When the tank was shot with a phosphorous-coated tracer bullet, only a small flame, like a candle, came out. 35 years ago!
We like and fervently hope for a hydrogen economy to develop. Existing internal combustion engines can be used, so not too much additional manufacturing/modification would be necessary for most vehicles. Then these can be further refined and enhanced. But it's cleaner, almost the entire emission of the engine is just water vapour.
This other link is interesting as well, below. Their claim that they can renewably, and carbon-neutrally generate existing fossil fuels, so that using them is not adding any excess CO2 to the environment. And we do like the fact that biochar is a byproduct of their cycle, it has caused amazing growth for all our trees here at the A.P.R.
But, existing internal combustion engines burning gasoline, whether carbon neutral or not, still generate Carbon Monoxide, and NOx (N2O and NO2). CO combines with the CO2 also generated, and under strong sunlight conditions, generates Ozone, O3. Which at ground levels is a serious health and safety issue. Thus large subtropical and tropical cities (and mid-latitude cities in Summer, like NYC, e.g.) would still be plagued with photochemical smog.
Neither of these more sustainable scenarios, which would help the planet avert climate change catastrophe are possible though without full government support and emphasis. Similar to the "space race" of the 1960s. Which generated hundreds of thousands of good jobs in the public and private sectors. Cheers.
No comments:
Post a Comment