1968 was an interesting year in modern history, and arguably, if you could pick one year in the past 200 where the pace of technical, social/cultural, scientific, and political change was the greatest (at least in the "Western" developed countries), it would be hard to beat it. The tragic episodes of the escalating Vietnam War, assasinations of MLK and RFK, were also accompanied by other more uplifting events. One of these was known as the "Prague Spring", which occurred in Czechoslovakia, beginning in January, 1968, although it did not survive the year. The following is an encyclopedia description of what happened there during that year.
"Socialism with a human face (in Czech: socialismus s lidskou tváří, in Slovak: socializmus s luďskou tvárou) was a political programme announced by Alexander Dubček and his colleagues when he became the chairman of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia in January 1968. It was a process of mild democratization and political liberalization that would still enable the communist party to maintain real power. Alexander Dubcek (November 27, 1921 to November 7, 1992) was a Slovak politician and briefly leader of Czechoslovakia (1968-1969). ... The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, in Czech and in Slovak: Komunistická strana Československa (KSČ) was a political party in Czechoslovakia that existed between 1921 and 1992. The programme was an attempt to overcome the disillusionment of the people in Czechoslovakia with the current political and economic situation. As the name suggests, the plan was to breathe new life into the ideals of socialism, which had lost popular support due to the government policies of the previous two decades. It never intended to bring back market capitalism. The subsequent developments became known as the Prague Spring. This was a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia starting January 5, 1968, and running until August 20 of that year when the USSR and its Warsaw Pact allies (except for Romania) invaded the country. ...
Programme
The programme initially called for greater participation of people in local and country politics under umbrella of communist party, for greater freedom of press and in culture and emphasised need for personal initiative in economics. The most loathed representants of previous style of ruling were left to go.
The programme didn't suppose existence of independent political parties or private ownership of companies. Participation on structures of Eastern Bloc was not questioned. Events of Prague Spring, especially their speed and escalation left the original programme behind current development, often to suprise and dismay of its authors. During the Cold War, the Eastern Bloc (or Soviet Bloc) comprised the following Central and Eastern European countries: Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, East Germany, Poland, Albania (until the early 1960s, see below), the Soviet Union, and Czechoslovakia. ...
Supression
The Soviet Union feared losing control over the country and invaded Czechoslovakia on August 21, 1968, with 200,000 troops and 5,000 tanks. The liberalizing reforms were eliminated step by step, and the country eventually returned to the centralized model with the communist party organizing every aspect of political and economical life. Most of the influential persons involved in the programme lost their political power and became target of persecutions."
Resistance to Soviet invasion, Prague,
August, 1968
The following article came from today's Counterpunch.org web-site:
A Classic Battle for Workers' Rights
Raising the Stakes at Republic
By LEE SUSTAR and NICOLE COLSON
Day four of the Republic Windows & Doors factory occupation in Chicago saw another surge in labor solidarity--plus a rare boost from the media and politicians trying to outdo one other in showing support for the struggle. Just hours after the Chicago Tribune published a December 8 report apparently verifying workers' suspicions that production had been moved from their now-closed factory to a nonunion facility in Iowa, Illinois Gov. Rod Blagojevich arrived at the plant just north and west of downtown Chicago. The governor announced that state agencies would suspend their business with Bank of America (BoA), which triggered the closure of Republic's plant by cutting off its line of credit.
"During these times of economic turmoil, we must ensure that workers' rights are protected," Blagojevich said, adding that the Illinois Department of Labor would file a complaint in federal court if negotiations between the factory's owners, the workers' union and BoA officials didn't provide the approximately $1.5 million that workers are owned under federal and state law as well as their union contract. The 250 workers, members of the United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers of America (UE) Local 1110, are demanding that BoA either resume making loans to Republic to reopen the plant or help the company make good on its obligations to workers. The workers are angry that BoA received $25 billion in taxpayer bailout, but won't lend to viable companies.
Blagojevich vowed to help. "We're going to do everything possible here in Illinois to side with these workers," he said. Also on hand was Sen. Dick Durbin. "Over the last several weeks, we have been debating in Washington how to spend hundreds of billions of dollars," he told reporters afterward. "We have been sending billions of dollars to banks like Bank of America. The reason we sent them the money was to tell them they have to loan this money to companies just like Republic."
Soon after the politicians' limos left the plant, a scene more familiar to labor activists took shape. Amid the forest of mobile TV satellite feed dishes, some 20 burly members of the International Union of Operating Engineers Local 150 installed giant inflatable rats on either side of the plant entrance and took up positions near the door. Local 150 Business Manager/President Jim Sweeney explained the motivation for this delegation in one word: "Solidarity." Why the large delegation? "We heard they [management] were going to try to move them out," he explained, adding that his locals' members would be on hand for the duration of the occupation. For Sweeney, the struggle "summarizes where we are as a movement," he said. "We've come full circle. Seven percent of the workforce is unionized [in the private sector], and we're back to sit-down strikes like in Flint, Michigan," he said, referring to the famous factory occupation of 1936-37 that forced General Motors to recognize the United Auto Workers. "We need a catalyst," Sweeney said. "And this may be what starts it for the American worker again."
Alongside the operating engineers, a delegation of more than a dozen nurses from Cook County Stroger Hospital stood behind their banner, carrying signs in support of the Republic workers and chanting, "The workers united will never be divided."
"This is important, because this is a form of union-busting," said Diane Ellis, the chief steward for the National Nurses Organizing Committee at Stroger. "Their contract was violated. Workers' rights were violated, when the company just shut them out. It's happening to them today, and it could happen to us tomorrow. You've got the fat cats walking away with the money and leaving all the workers here with nothing." As the chanting resumed, union members, community activists and students threaded their way through the reporters crowding the building foyer, making now-routine deliveries of food and beverages. Cameras crowded the inner door to the plant, as journalists strained to capture images of workers seated near stacks of recently manufactured windows as a handful of children played nearby.
* * *
MEANWHILE, ANOTHER group of politicians assembled to turn up the heat on BoA.
At a press conference at City Hall, Alderman Ricardo Muñoz announced a proposed ordinance that would shift city funds from Bank of America to other banks, require City Council approval for any BoA underwriting or marketing of city bonds, and force the bank to bring any proposed zoning changes on property directly to City Council. "Under the law, the City Council has the authority and responsibility to take into account the interests of Chicago and its residents when deciding which banks to do business with," Muñoz said. "Bank of America profits handsomely from the business it gets from the City and other governments. We have a right to demand that workers are treated fairly." Following a three-hour meeting on Monday afternoon between union, company and bank representatives, it was announced that no settlement had been reached and the sit-in would continue. A new round of talks was slated for the next day--and if the workers don't get satisfaction, a big protest is planed for 12 noon the following day at BoA's Chicago-area headquarters. Will BoA buckle under the pressure? "Obviously, there's tremendous public support for the workers here, and for the sense that workers need to have jobs, said Carl Rosen, western region president for UE. "I think there is a lot of pressure on the bank with regard to this, but banks have their own agendas, and they're not the peoples' agenda." He added, "Anyone who has the ability to let Bank of America know they want something done should go ahead and do that."
Activists did do that in the largely Mexican-American community of Little Village. After a picket at BoA's large 26th Street branch organized by the March 10 immigrant rights coalition and other groups, participants made their case against BoA in a press conference.
According to labor organizer and journalist Jorge Mújica, immigrants rights activists supported the Republic workers not only because they are mostly Latino immigrants, but because they are literally fighting the same institutions. "There are dozens of shops that have closed down in the last month and a half," Mújica said. "Why? Because of the same reason--lack of money, lack of credit, lack of resources....So we are going to demand from Bank of America to keep open the line of credit from Republic, but also to open up the credit for 26th Street, so we don't keep losing more jobs." Ricardo Caceres, a 15-year worker at the plant and a union shop steward, used the press conference to remind the media that the boss shut the plant on two day's notice as the holidays loomed--and to express gratitude to the solidarity movement that's sprung up. "I want to say to your organizations, unions and communities, thank you so much for everything--for the food, and your support," he said. One of the speakers at the press conference was Rev. José Landaverde of Our Lady of Guadalupe Mission, a church centrally involved in the local movement against immigration raids and deportations. "People are losing their jobs because businesses are closing, and the banks won't support the needs of small business and the workers," he said as he walked the picket line. "They just want to support themselves. And this we see also with the government, with the Bush administration and the Obama administration. It's about saving Wall Street and the banks, but it's not saving the peoples' economy."
* * *
FOR REPUBLIC'S managers, the objective seems to be saving themselves at workers' expense. Confirmation came on Monday that--as workers suspected--Republic is not, in fact, shutting down operations, but planning to move production to Iowa under a new name, "Echo Windows & Doors."
Reports indicate that Echo would be nonunion, pay only $9 an hour, and offer workers limited benefits and no vacation pay for the first three years--a drastic cut compared to the average $14-an-hour wage and health and retirement benefits that Chicago Republic workers had been getting.
According to the Chicago Tribune:
People who apparently have ties to the financially strapped Republic Windows formed a limited liability corporation in Illinois last month, Echo Windows & Doors, that has bought a similar plant in western Iowa.
Sharon Gillman, who shares an address with Republic President and CEO Rich Gillman, is listed as an officer of Echo Windows & Doors LLC, which was incorporated in Illinois on November 18, according to secretary of state records.
Neither she nor Rich Gillman could be reached for comment on Sunday. A secretary who answered the phone at the Iowa plant purchased by Echo said Rich Gillman was not in on Sunday, and that she did not know when he would be in.
An "echowindows.com" Internet domain has been registered, but no content has been placed on the site. The administrative contact on the domain registration is Amy Zimmerman--the same name as the vice president of sales and marketing at Republic...
Echo Windows officials told employees at the former TRACO manufacturing plant in Red Oak, Iowa, on Thursday that the workforce would be doubled from the current 50 employees because they have production orders lined up.
None of this surprises Melvin Maclin, vice president of UE Local 1110, and Ron Bender, a union shop steward.
"I don't think they want to stay here, period," Bender said. Maclin added, "It was never the owner's plan to save the plant. And the bank was aware of it. I don't know that for a fact, but it seemed like the bank was aware of what's going on. They were just running a game."
Whatever Republics' owners and BoA had planned last week, it's a different world now. By trying to add to the misery of laid-off workers by stealing their severance pay, they've managed to demonstrate to the world the inequity and double standards of the Wall Street bailout.
And now they've discovered that workers are capable of demonstrating something else--resolve, struggle and solidarity in what has become a classic battle for workers' rights.
These are hopeful developments. President-elect Obama even came out in support of the workers occupying the factory, and pledged to support the process of getting them their severance pay and benefits. And now, as the above article mentions, this company, Republic Window and Door, closed the factory to move to a non-union facility, where they could pay lower wages and benefits. This, and the fact that the Bank of America, which received 25 billion dollars in bailout money from the federal government recently, but would not release monies to Republic, so that these workers could receive what is owed them, shines a glaring spotlight on the current socio-economic system we have in this country. With many more such factory closings likely in the coming months and years, due to the depression we seem to be entering, it's likely more such events as this will occur as well. It helps to recall, that none of the benefits we associate with the modern workplace, the 40 hour week, workers compensation/accident coverage, health and vacation benefits, etc., came about easily. They were won only after decades of protracted struggles like these, with many fatalities, and even some massacres (http://members.tripod.com/~RedRobin2/index-29.html).
It will be more important than ever for workers of all stripes, in the face of the coming depression, to become cognizant of the history of the labor movement in this and other countries, and to be prepared to engage in actions similar to those that won us what we currently enjoy, when attempts are made to rescind/repeal these. Which is happening, and will continue to, unless resistance is given. One particular piece of legislation that the new Congress will vote on early next year is the "The Employee Free Choice Act (also known as "card check") which would end secret ballots in union elections. It may be the most important piece of legislation in a decade. Its passage would ease union organizing and help to grow union membership which has dwindled to about 10 percent of the work force. Forget about the fake differences between the two political parties. There aren't any. The only hope for deep structural change is to strengthen the unions and give workers a place at the policy table. That's the only peaceful way to dismantle this parasitic financial regime and bring about a more equitable distribution of wealth." (Mike Whitney, Counterpunch.org, 12/09/08). It is very important that members of the House of Representatives and Senate receive pressure to pass this. With the new larger Democratic majorities in both bodies, it may just have a chance. After all, if Capitalism doesn't transform and develop a human face in this country, where consideration is given to human factors, it will not and should not survive. The transition to a new system could be chaotic and violent, which is not certainly not something we would want to experience. That's why we presented the Prague Spring as a lead-in, to show that unforeseen events can be the catalyst for positive changes, and we certainly hope the Republic factory occupation will be one like that, shining a spotlight, as it does, on the injustice and greed inherent in our current socio-economic system.
A SUMMER JOB
Your lead editor of the Alaska Progressive Review has to occasionally travel for his day (and sometimes night) job, as that of a meteorologist, specialising in the prediction of wildfire danger and weather for fire suppression activities. The government of the country covering the entirety 
of the far southern continent, the former British penal colony, has been contracting for the past several years to send specialists like us, to aid in their fire weather forecasting efforts. I was called this year, and will be working with the Australian Bureau of Meteorology, in their New South Wales/Sydney office, from 12/16 until 1/18, during the peak of their summer.
I will be returning to the frozen winter landscape of Alaska on 1/25, after taking some days off to do some scuba 
diving on the Great Barrier Reef, and other touring of that interesting continent.
Whilst we here at A.P.R. envision the day when we become nationally and globally syndicated, with print, radio, and television operations, enabling us to give up our other jobs and devote ourselves fully to working for a more sane and just World, current reality dictates that other means of financial support are necessary. This trip will be an excellent opportunity though to learn about a country that in many ways is like the U.S. A former British colony, though one that peacefully separated, and is still in the British Commonwealth (and as such, Queen Elizabeth remains the official head of state), Australia is of a similar size to our lower 48, and has a fairly similar history of relations with it's indigenous peoples. We hope to learn more about this history and see what the current state of these relations are. And, to look at what is different there, Australia does have a Parliamentary from of government, greater social spending/benefits, including universal-access health care, all with only 20 million people! I hope to learn about and share information from Australia that I think will be helpful for A.P.R.'s efforts to work for a more sane and just way of life on this continent.
Mattie of course will have to stay in Fairbanks and hold down the fort at our main research centre. But she is happy to do so, and will protect our facilities well until my return. I hope to provide you with at least a couple of articles during my stay in the Southern Hemisphere. Happy Holidays!
