Monday, July 6, 2009

COPPER RIVER RED BLUES [or] MATTIE'S BUM TRIP [and] ASTA LA VISTA S. PALIN!

We are fortunate in Alaska to be one of the few areas in the U.S. where subsistence gathering of food is still possible. Whether it be from hunting moose, caribou, or even bear (which we don't approve of here at A.P.R.!), or the abundant fisheries of salmon, halibut, and other bottomfish.

A very popular way of gathering a good supply of salmon, possibly an entire year's worth, is to go dipnetting on the Copper River, near Chitina. When the Copper River Red Salmon are running strong, you can get 40-50 fish in a half a day. It does require time to process the fish, once they're hauled in, so one or two people can only handle one fish in 5 to 10 minutes, since you have to get them out of the net, make sure they stop thrashing, then string them on an underwater line, to keep them cool, and alive, before hauling them out in a cooler at the end of a session.

My friend Erik Hursh partially grew up in Glenallen, in the Copper River Basin, and so learned how to hunt and fish. When he asked me if I wanted to do some dipnetting on the Copper River at Chitina, I jumped at the chance. Because I want and need to learn more ways of subsistence living, as a way of bonding and grounding with the area I live in, and in case troubled times come, when people will need to be more self-sufficient.

So the entire A.P.R. staff threw our camping material together and hauled down the Richardson Highway from Fairbanks, south from Delta Junction, through Glenallen, then east from Copper Center. Erik has a cabin on the bluff above the Copper River, on the Old Edgarton Highway, with a beautiful view of several of the Wrangell volcanoes. (Drum, Wrangell, Blackburn).

We spent the night there, then headed over friday morning to Chitina, were we arrived around noon. Erik's brother Cameron and his family, Erik's three kids, his parents, and some others made for a large group. Our camp was by the Copper River bridge, about a mile east of Chitina on the McCarthy highway (a place we need to get to soon, Mc Carthy. Just so far away...). Right on the river, it provided a way to cool off, on all three hot days we spent there. Each day was 80-85 degrees F, and sunny. Not too shabby for interior Alaska, and the bugs were tolerable too!

The river is very silty from the melting huge glaciers it drains in the Wrangell mountains. So after you dry off after being in it, fine silt coats your hair and body, and whatever else you may be wearing.

Erik had two dipnets for us to use, I brought two coolers, and he brought one. He also had the knives, and all the other gear. We parked at the O'Brien Creek bridge. This is the furthest south you can drive on the O'Brien creek road. This road is an old railbed that runs south above the river all the way to Cordova, on the coast, over 100 miles south. Through the incredibly steep and glaciated St. Elias mountains. The road has been covered by many slides over the years, the last major one in 2001 ended forever the possibility of driving. The state of AK decided to close the road, by not maintaining it. So now only people on foot or four-wheelers, or dirt bikes can go on it. Most people use four-wheelers to haul supplies in and camp. But we went light. Erik had a dolly we hauled our cooler and nets on, while I hauled the poles, and my gear on my back. We walked about two miles down to a steep trail on the bluff, that led to a great secluded little beach-like area, so we could set our gear down behind us, and not have to be tied to a tree to do our dipnetting.

The river runs swift and fast here. It seemed about 50F, from what I felt by being in it at our camp. Cold, but not as bad as straight from a glacier! But, if you were to get swept into the main channel, even with a life jacket, the fast-moving current could easily overcome efforts to get back toward shore, once the cold started it's work. So we were careful not to step out too far, or fall in.



This is the view upstream. 14,163 foot Mt. Wrangell, an active shield volcano (like Mauna Loa in Hawaii), shimmers like a vast cloud in the distance. That gently sloped volcano has a huge glacial expanse in it's wide area above 7000 feet.

Downstream, you can see how swiftly it's moving. And down the canyon, how it narrows. To fall in in a place like that, would be very dangerous!














Homer quickly settled in onshore to snooze in the heat (the joys of semi-retirement!), while Mattie went off exploring.

Erik and I quickly put our nets together and started dipping. The nets are 2-3 feet wide on the end of 15' poles. We just dip the net in a slow-running pool, that will keep the net open, and slowly move it around, waiting for fish to pop in. We were not having much success though, it was quite slow. We had heard from others we talked to, that the run was not good that day. And we were not sure why. The river was a little low, but who knows...













While holding my net, I was even able to snap other pictures, including probably my first ever successful self-portrait. It wa really hot in that glaring sun! But I didn't want to step much in the water either, too dangerous there!








Erik caught our first of only three fish (one got away sat.) of the entire trip, about an hour after we started. I had no nibble on my net at all!








We kept at it until late afternoon, then decided to try again tomorrow.

We packed up, Homer came up with us, and we hauled up everything to the road. But Mattie was missing. She had run off earlier and come back, so I wasn't too worried.

But, I called and called, nothing. Now I was worried. We slowly walked back to the car, while I called, but no success.

On the way back, we could see lots of eagles in the trees or flying around, eating the dead and dying salmon.

I got back to the car worried and slightly upset. I was not expecting this! Mattie has always been very good about staying around whenever we are in wilderness settings.

We decided to go back for dinner, then come back later. Which we did, this time on Cameron's four-wheeler. This way we were able to get about 7-8 miles down the trail quickly, past the 2001 slides. But to no avail, no sight or sound of her could be found. So, we had to call it an evening. I just hoped she'd be ok on her own overnight. We would come back in the morning and fish the same spot. Hopefully she would show up! So, after an edgy night, I got up and quickly got ready, hoping I'd find our intrepid Assistant Editor.

But we got to our friday fishing spot saturday morning around 10 am, and saw no sign of her. We fished for about four hours, catching only two more (one from me, one from Erik, which got away). Still no sign of Mattie. We decided to head back to camp and I would come back later to see if I could find her. Which I did, walking back and forth along the trail, calling, but still no sign. I talked to many people who were walking or four-wheeling on the road, but no one saw her.

After my last sat. evening try, I got back to camp very depressed. I figured she had gotten swept away in the fast water, and was trying not to think about it. Or had a run-in with a bear. I couldn't even enjoy dinner with Erik and his family, I was too down. Because I lost five sled dogs in the past year to hit and run drivers, and tragic accidents.

But I was able to pull myself out of this funk later, while we all visited and played with fireworks (we made sure we were fire-safe).

I went to bed very sad though saturday night. I prayed for guidance and asked my higher self to give me information about what happened to her. I had to have some closure. About 05o0 I was in that interesting (and potentially quite productive) half-sleep/wake state. I saw her in front of me, looking for me. I immediately came awake, happier, knowing she was alive. I've always trusted my dreams and visions to help me in the past few years, and always am rewarded. I told Erik when he was up and around that she was still alive. We had breakfast and planned to go back to the area one more time, before we had to leave.

Mattie's collar has our A.P.R. Chena Ridge Research Centre phone number on it. So I called my room-mate Rick saturday with my cell phone (amazing it worked out there), and asked him to call me if any one called that number, reporting on Mattie. Sure enough, around 0830 sun. morning, someone called and said they had her. She was running on the road between O'Brien Creek and Chitina. They took her to the ranger station in Chitina. I rushed down there, incredibly happy, knowing she was alive (though I already knew...).

She bolted from the ranger station, yelping, and jumped on me. Two and half days of worry and fear for me, and who knows what, for her.



I'd give anything to know what was going on with her all that time, and what she went through. When I got her back, she was 10-15 lbs. lighter! And she only had weighed about 65 lbs! Here she is when I got her back to camp. One of her paws was scraped pretty badly, and she was moving very slowly. I had to lift her into the car.




Based on all that, I offer the following reconstruction. She must have gotten turned around and went down the wrong way down the road. Then, being lost, went up and down multiple times, still not sure where to go. Then, sometime sat. or sat. night perhaps, realized she had to get back to the O'Brien creek parking area. Which she did sunday morning, then was picked up running up the road shortly thereafter. Unless she tells me otherwise directly, this is what we're sticking with. Who knows, maybe she made it all the way to Cordova, before turning back!

I always like to make the best of situations, if things get stressful. I learned all I need to know now about dipnetting, so that I could come back at any time, and get what we need. It's always great spending time Erik and his family, I love being around them. Erik and I are very good friends, and he was very understanding. And the setting we were in was true Alaska wilderness. The town of Chitina has an interesting and surprisingly old history from mining, in that extreme setting.

This also reinforced to me how important it is to relax and ask for guidance from the universe and our higher selves, when we need. Many times over the past few years, especially when I've been in that half-sleep/half-wake state, I've had important dreams and visions. About people or issues I've been concerned about, and which were very helpful in giving me useful and constructive information. I always ask for this right when I fall asleep, when I feel it is necessary. And it works, sometimes not that night, but even during the following day, when something will just pop in.

We headed back home with our two fish, after saying goodbyes, and having a great lunch with Erik at the Copper River Princess resort, while we gazed at the volcanoes, eating outside. I did something I rarely ever do. I had to use the car air conditioning the whole way! It was hot, and Mattie and Homer were overheating in their thick coats. Mattie lay the whole time with her little head on my arm. Welcome back Mattie!

OK, when Erik and I stopped at a country store on the highway to Chitina, not too far from his cabin, sunday, we saw the news. About our governor Sara Palin up and quitting inexplicably, the previous day, on the 4th of July.


We were stunned. What? So, A.P.R. needs to offer commentary on this perplexing issue.
The above article from our local paper and especially the comments afterward, give you an idea of the local vibe on this situation. She's pissing off alot of conservatives. For that we applaud you Ms. Palin :) !
But we agree with them in the sense that she is letting down the people she agreed to work for by taking on the job. And why?
Well, we at A.P.R. think there must be some incredible large mass of excrement poised above a large fan near her, waiting to hit at any time. What is it? If you have some good ideas, let us know, we'll be happy to share them!
Why else would she suddenly do this on a family holiday? Someone must have given her an "offer she can't refuse" (GOP leadership?), or is extorting her. It certainly doesn't make sense, if she wants to run for national office again in 2012, to be seen as a quitter, dropping the job when things get a little tough.
Since she is a republican, who we at A.P.R. truly regard as fascists (their national platform only needs examining by an unbiased historian to see that), we are happy just in that sense, to see one of them go down in a dysfunctional way.
While she comes across nicely, as a warm, neighborly, outdoorsy, woman, if she truly believes what the G.O.P. espouses, that is scary. I would hope that at least some of her persona is genuine, however. Since we haven't met her, no judgement can be offered on that. There have been disturbing reports from many sources, that she still clings to a fundamentalist Christianity, so extreme, that they still believe the Earth is 6000 years old! Do you want someone with that mindset interacting on our behalf with other nations and cultures? The American Taleban! God Help Us! And, in most of her interviews, she comes across as woefully ignorant of real geopolitical issues and cultures.
So, with all that in mind, we here at the Alaska Progressive Review, give a hearty HASTA LA VISTA S. PALIN! out to the World. Our Lieutanent Governer Sean Parnell will be taking the helm in late July. From all reports, he sounds at least to be more focused on state issues, and working for the people of the State.

Wednesday, June 24, 2009

BATTLING FOR THE FUTURE - One Small But Important Victory [and] Something Interesting at the Hot Springs

In our "Open Veins of Latin America - The Latest Chapter" post, from the 7th of this month, we examined the struggles of the Peruvian Indigenous people in the Amazonian rain forest area of that country. GOOD NEWS FROM THERE! They have temporarily won their struggle to save their homeland from destruction, and have helped humanity as a whole as well. http://www.commondreams.org/headline/2009/06/19

Peru Indians Hail 'Historic' Day

Indigenous groups in Peru have called off protests after two land laws which led to deadly fighting were revoked.

Natives armed with spears set a roadblock at the entrance of the Amazonian town of Yurimaguas, northern Peru, on June 10, 2009. Peru's Congress on Thursday revoked two controversial decrees on land ownership in the Amazon river basin which triggered protests by indigenous groups that left at least 34 people dead in early June.(AFP/File/Ernesto Benavides)

Hailing victory, Amazonian Indian groups said it was an "historic day".

At least 34 people died during weeks of strikes against the legislation, which allowed foreign companies to exploit resources in the Amazon forest.

The violence provoked tension with Peru's neighbour, Bolivia, where Preisdent Evo Morales backed the Peruvian Indians' tribal rights.

"This is a historic day for indigenous people because it shows that our demands and our battles were just," said Daysi Zapata, vice president of the Amazon Indian confederation that led the protests.

She urged fellow activists to end their action by lifting blockades of jungle rivers and roads set up since April across six provinces in the Peruvian Amazon.

The controversial laws, passed to implement a free trade agreement with the US, were revoked by Peru's Congress by a margin of 82-12 after a five-hour debate.

Diplomatic dispute
The worst of the clashes occurred on 5 June when police tried to clear roadblocks set up by the groups at Bagua, 1,000km (600 miles) north of Lima.

At least 30 civilians died, according to Indian groups, as well as 23 police.

Peru's Prime Minister Yehude Simon said the reversal of policy would not put at risk Peru's free trade agreement with the US, but he has said he will step down once the dispute is settled.
The dispute led to a diplomatic row between Peru and Latin American neighbours Venezuela and Bolivia.

Peru recalled its ambassador to Bolivia for consultation on Tuesday after Bolivian President Evo Morales described the deaths of the indigenous protesters as a genocide caused by free trade.
Peru's Foreign Minister Jose Antonia Garcia Belaunde called Mr Morales an "enemy of Peru".
BBC © MMIX


And, as this article shows, http://www.commondreams.org/view/2009/06/24-4, it is widely recognized just how important these people's struggle is, and what is at stake. Naturally, you heard about it here at A.P.R. first! We will continue to follow this important story, and keep you apprised of any future developments.

Something to ponder though, this victory against the forces of greed and environmental destruction was not won by writing or calling politicians, or at the ballot box. But through direct action, by people risking everything, for something they believed in. Just as all struggles for peace, social/environmental/political justice, and civil/human rights have been, over the past few centuries.

Here in the U.S.A., another important struggle is occurring in Appalachia, being waged by mining corporations with support of state and federal governments, against the environment, and the people living in that region. This is the fight to continue the incredibly destructive and short-sighted practice called "MOUNTAIN-TOP REMOVAL". A method of removing shallow seams of coal by blasting away entire tops of hills and mountains to access the coal seams, and filling in adjacent valleys with the rubble. The pictures and stories of the devastation are incredible, all done to deliver just 7 percent of the U.S.'s yearly coal needs for power generation. Thousands of tons of dynamite and ammonium nitrate explosives are used daily, mainly in West Virginia, in this process. The article below comes from acclaimed climate scientist Dr. James Hansen, who was one of the first researchers to start highlighting the perils of increasing CO2 and methane atmospheric levels, due to fossil fuel combustion.


A Plea To President Obama: End Mountaintop Coal Mining

Tighter restrictions on mountaintop removal mining are simply not enough. Instead, a leading climate scientist argues, the Obama administration must prohibit this destructive practice, which is devastating vast stretches of Appalachia.

by James Hansen

President Obama speaks of “a planet in peril.” The president and the brilliant people he appointed in energy and science know that we must move rapidly to carbon-free energy to avoid handing our children a planet that has passed climate tipping points.The science is clear. Burning all fossil fuels will destroy the future of young people and the unborn. And the fossil fuel that we must stop burning is coal. Coal is the critical issue. Coal is the main cause of climate change. It is also the dirtiest fossil fuel — air pollution, arsenic, and mercury from coal have devastating effects on human health and cause birth defects.

We must make clear that we the people want a move toward a rapid phase-out of coal emissions now.

Recently, the administration unveiled its new position on mountaintop coal mining and set out a number of new restrictions on the practice in six Appalachian states. These new rules will require tougher environmental review before blowing up mountains. But it’s a minimal step.The Obama administration is being forced into a political compromise. It has sacrificed a strong position on mountaintop removal in order to ensure the support of coal-state legislators for a climate bill. The political pressures are very real. But this is an approach to coal that defeats the purpose of the administration’s larger efforts to fight climate change, a sad political bargain that will never get us the change we need on mountaintop removal, coal or the climate. Coal is the linchpin in mitigating global warming, and it’s senseless to allow cheap mountaintop-removal coal while the administration is simultaneously seeking policies to boost renewable energy.Mountaintop removal, which provides a mere 7 percent of the nation’s coal, is done by clear-cutting forests, blowing the tops off of mountains, and then dumping the debris into streambeds — an undeniably catastrophic way of mining.

This technique has buried more than 800 miles of Appalachian streams in mining debris and by 2012 will have serious damaged or destroyed an area larger than Delaware. Mountaintop removal also poisons water supplies and pollutes the air with coal and rock dust. Coal ash piles are so toxic and unstable that the Department of Homeland Security has declared that the location of the nation’s 44 most hazardous coal ash sites must be kept secret. They fear terrorists will find ways to spill the toxic substances. But storms and heavy rain can do the same. A recent collapse in Tennessee released 100 times more hazardous material than the Exxon-Valdez oil spill. If the Obama administration is unwilling or unable to stop the massive environmental destruction of historic mountain ranges and essential drinking water for a relatively tiny amount of coal, can we honestly believe they will be able to phase out coal emissions at the level necessary to stop climate change? The issue of mountaintop removal is so important that I and others concerned about this problem will engage in an act of civil disobedience on June 23rd at a mountaintop removal site in Coal River Valley, West Virginia. [Dr. Hansen was arrested there that day! eds.]

Experts agree that energy efficiency and carbon-free energies can satisfy our energy needs. Coal left in the ground is useful. It holds up the mountains, which, left intact, are an ideal site for wind energy. In contrast, mountaintop removal and strip mining of coal is a shameful abomination. Mining jobs have shrunk to a small fraction of past levels. With clean energy, there could be far more, green-energy jobs, and the government could support the retraining of miners, to a brighter, cleaner future.Politicians may have to make concessions on what is right for what is winnable. But as a scientist and a citizen, I believe the right course is very clear: The climate crisis demands a moratorium on new coal-fired power plants that do not capture and safely dispose of all emissions. And mountaintop removal, providing only a small fraction of our energy, should be permanently prohibited.

President Obama remains the best hope, perhaps the only hope, for real change. If the president uses his influence, his eloquence, and his bully pulpit, he could be the agent of real change. But he does need our help to overcome the political realities of compromise.We must make clear to Congress, to the EPA, and to the Obama administration that we the people want mountaintop removal abolished and we want a move toward a rapid phase-out of coal emissions now. The time for half measures and caving in to polluting industries is over. It is time for citizens to demand — yes, we can.
© 2009 Environment 360 (Yale)

Dr. James Hansen is director of Nasa's Goddard Institute for Space Studies and adjunct professor in the department of earth and environmental sciences at Columbia University. He was the first scientist to warn the US Congress of the dangers of climate change and writes here as a private citizen.

It goes without saying that we here at A.P.R. fully support the struggles of the people of Appalachia to save their land from destruction. Dr. Hansen, and actress Darryl Hannah, along with dozens of other people, were arrested in direct-action protests two days ago, while blockading a road near a new mountain-top removal site. We are right there with you! What will future generations think, when they see this kind of devastation?


Here in Fairbanks, Alaska, our local power company, Golden Valley Electrical Association (GVEA - a non-profit cooperative!), generates electricity by burning lignite coal (a relatively dirty, low-grade variety). Which comes from the Alaska Range foothills near Healy, 70 miles south of Fairbanks. We at A.P.R. think this is frankly disgusting, for numerous reasons.

One, coal burning is terribly polluting, heavy metals and contaminants in the ash rain out from the plumes, and get into the water supply, as well into people's lungs.

Two, the mining of it, whether through conventional strip-mining (as is done in Healy), or mountain-top removal, is incredibly destructive.

Three, Fairbanks sits in the very large Tanana River Valley, in the Alaska Interior. Colder air in the months from October through March settles into the valley, forming extremely strong, stable, temperature inversions. Which act as a lid, preventing the dispersion of pollutants, holding them in. The picture above shows a late October view from the University of Alaska, looking out over the valley. Two coal-fired power plant plumes are visible, one from the Univ. power station, the other from the larger GVEA plant. These are right in the middle of the population of Fairbanks! All the contaminants from this dirty coal are pumping into the airshed where 80,000 + people live. And when the temperature inversions are very strong, as in November-March, when it is very cold, more coal is burned, to produce the electricity people need for heating, etc.. The emissions of which then settle in over the city, sometimes creating ice fog, as seen below, when temperatures drop to -30 F or lower.

Ice fog
does make for some interesting and beautiful optical effects, and some of it is from the thousands of home furnaces and cars. But the coal-fired power plant components are surely the most dirty and dangerous.

This is primarily why our A.P.R. Chena Ridge Research Centre is located 500 feet above, and 10 km west of the city. To always be above this unhealthy brew, in the warmer (during winter), cleaner air.

Something Interesting at the Hot Springs

Chena Hot Springs is one of the favorite places for everyone living around Fairbanks to take visitors for a soak in the relaxing warm waters, especially in the winter. And, after a marathon, fast-pack, or long ski outing, nothing better than a visit out there to soak some tired muscles.

But something interesting is going on at Chena Hot Springs.

The owner, Bernie Karls, has for some years now, been engaged in serious efforts to develop the geothermal power potential there. Not just to make the resort self-sufficient, but to export power for use in Fairbanks, as well as even generate hydrogen gas. This provides great hope for the future for green energy production and use in Alaska.

However, the fossil fuel industries, oil, coal, and natural gas, are very powerful forces in Alaska politics. And so Mr. Karl's efforts have not been getting the full governmental support and assistance they should, to expedite his efforts to generate and export clean, geothermally-derived electricity. We'll look at the status of these efforts out at Chena Hot Springs, in a future article. Cheers.

Saturday, June 13, 2009

KAHILTNA DREAMING


As most of you know, my other job, which funds the Chena Ridge Research Centre, allowing the A.P.R. to continue bringing you the most up to date, incisive socio-political and environmental news and commentary, has travel occasionally involved.


It was my privelege to be allowed to travel last week with one of my colleagues to the climbing Base Camp of Denali, the highest peak in North America, at 20,320 feet, in Denali National Park. Our purpose, as meteorologists for the federal government, was to interact with the climbers present, and the National Park Service rangers, to see if their forecasting needs were being met. To see if there were any significant problems with our forecasting (the NWS prepares a climbing forecast twice-daily for Denali in the late April-mid July peak climbing season), obtain suggestions for improvement, and conduct a site survey, examining and calibrating their weather instruments. All these goals were met, and informative and valuable interactions occurred, making the trip a success on those counts. But that is incidental to this story.
I want to just describe this amazing place, which is unique in the World, and which is still gripping my daily reality. A place I will never forget, and to which I will be returning, several times, since a Denali summit is planned year after next.


The only way in to the Kahiltna glacier, in summer, which the Base Camp sits on the southeast spur of, at 7200 feet, is by ski-plane, from the climbing base town of Talkeetna, 50 miles southeast of Denali National Park. This is the 1961 De Havilland Beaver, which took us over from Talkeetna. One could ski in, in winter, on a several day traverse, when the rivers and swamps are frozen, which would be a tempting option next March or April, when days are longer, and temperatures a little warmer than in January or February. Something we would like to do, since Mattie would be able to accompany me, and whoever else was able to go.


For now though, our short plane ride only took 35 minutes over the wide Susitna River, the swampy taiga beyond, then the foothills, and finally over the 6000-10000 foot spurs of the Denali massif, separated by glaciers in the valleys. We landed in camp at noon, under a bright sunny sky, with a nearly unprecedented 42 degree F temperature.


Base Camp is a collection of four rigid-frame shelters occupied by the National Park Service climbing rangers, and employees of the aviation services in Talkeetna, who coordinate the drop-offs and pick-ups of the dozens of climbers daily, from Talkeetna. Most climbers usually spend a night there before beginning their ascent process (which involves hauling supplies successively higher, to different camps, before the actual ascent), and there are sometimes mountaineering classes present as well (I will be in one of those there next year). So, there can be dozens of people camped there at any given time. To keep the area clean, CMC's (clean mountain cans) are used. You have to sit on these for your solid wastes, it is a plastic bucket with a lid and bag inside. These biodegradable bags are disposed of in deep crevasses.


Here a 12 day mountaineering course (the one my friend Erik Hursh and I will be taking next year) sets out on the most popular and least strenuous West Buttress climbing route (in green, on map, above), for different tasks and lessons.
This is Chris Erikson, one of the NPS climbing rangers. He was nothing but helpful and professional, as he went about his busy day answering questions from climbers, interacting with us, and collaborating in two incidents (more on these later). They have our greatest admiration in their duties of assisting climbers, sometimes in extremely adverse conditions, when problems arise.

Chris began his mountaineering growing up in Oregon and summiting all the Cascade volcanoes, and worked his way up from there. These are highly sought-after jobs, and only extremely skilled, courageous mountaineers are selected, and receive extensive training in trauma and high altitude emergency medicine. He and a volunteer assistant remain in Base Camp on 21 day assignments, while another ranger works at the 14,200 foot camp, on the West Buttress trail. There are others also standing by at the ranger station in Talkeetna, with a helicopter, in case a complicated rescue situtation occurs. They can only provide assistance though that does not pose undue hazards to themselves, which is why summitting Denali, especially on more difficult routes, is not something to be taken lightly, without extensive planning and preparation.


So what makes this area so unique? Well, for starters, the terrain. The vertical relief of Denali, from the 7200 feet Base Camp, to it's summit at 20,320 feet, is 1000 feet greater than Everest's, from it's climbing base to it's summit. This is 17,450 ft. Mt. Foraker, looming 10,000 + feet over the Kahiltna glacier, just a few miles west from camp.







The broad summit of the Denali massif looms 13,000 vertical feet above camp just six straight-line miles away. This is more vertical relief than Everest offers from it's base at 17,800 feet, to it's summit at 29,028. On this amazing day, winds were light, even on the summit, since there is no banner of blowing snow, which is often present with stronger winds. And, no clouds either. Not many days a year like this, though the reason the climbing season is late April through mid-July, is that this time is the driest in the area, when temperatures are warmest. Later in the summer, precipitation increases as the jet stream begins to gather strength and more low pressure systems move over, bringing heavy snow, strong winds, and white-out conditions for days at a time. We were sure lucky to be there in conditions like this!
My favorite view, which held me for hours, was this, to the south. 14,570 foot Mt. Hunter rears 7300 ft. vertically above the Kahiltna, just a half-mile across from camp. I was simply transfixed by this amazing mass of rock, snow, and ice. Avalanches were frequent, booming across the valley, day and night. Some incredibly brave and skilled climbers ascend this, but of course, rock and ice anchors are needed, and it is a slow, and dangerous process!

Around 1800 in the evening of our first day in camp, a radio message came in from some Italian climbers at 18,200 feet on Cassin ridge, which faces toward camp. They had miscalculated climbing a different route, run out of food and water, and were calling for help. They felt they could go no further.

Chris and his supervisor, who happened to be at camp that day quickly determined that a helicopter pick-up was impossible, in that precarious location. It was decided to drop a bag of food and water to them. The first bag slid down the mountain, the climbers couldn't catch it. One more chance. At 2000, a second bag was lifted up, this time the climbers snagged it. Fortunately for them, the weather was favorable for helicopter operations, otherwise, they would have been in much more dire straits. We could see them through the powerful spotting telescope in camp, setting up for the night, then, packing up the next morning, heading for the summit, so they could descend on the easier West Buttress climbing route.

The evening lighting on all the peaks was stunning. This is looking up the southeast fork of the Kahiltna glacier, that interesting altocumulus standing lenticular cloud (ACSL) was there all day, in the same position, indicative of a very stable, and persistent weather pattern.













I decided to stay up late that night, the shifting pattern of sunlight and shadows on the peaks was too amazing to let go of. Around 2300 hours, I had to put my down parka on. It was fairly warm, about +32F, but a cool 10-15 mph wind was blowing, and since I wasn't moving, just sitting in my camp chair drinking in the views, or going for short walks, bundling up was mandatory. Even though I had all my glacier travel gear (crampons, ice axe, helmet, rope, etc..) Chris warned us that he couldn't guarantee our safety if we wandered outside of camp. The recent warm weather had weakened snow bridges over the many crevasses. I was not about to doubt his word.
Mt. Hunter this evening at 2300 was particularly stunning. I must have gazed at it a total of several hours that night, thinking of climbing routes, and the dangers all that ice and rock could pose, for someone trying to ascend it.


The lower ridges north of Mt. Foraker shaded it after 2200 hours, leaving just the top in the gentle northern summer sun. It must have been nearly calm up there on it's summit, judging by the lack of any blowing snow.








Denali was just as beautiful as all the others that evening. And again, look at how smooth it looks up there, I can only hope for such conditions when I make it up to that summit the year after next.











I didn't get to bed until well after midnight, but slept well in my 4-season tent and -20F down bag. Climbers rousing early for 0400 departures woke me up, but I just listened in and occasionally dozed until about 0600. The morning views were just as amazing as the previous evening.

Ski planes (DeHavilland Beavers and Otters, and Cessna 185s) began dropping off and picking up climbers by 0800.





They look like little gnats compared to the gigantic peaks.



My colleague Ray and I packed up by noon, for our planned 1300 departure.







As accurately forecast by my co-worker Corey Bogel, in the office the previous day, clouds began increasing by then, the fore-runner of an incoming low pressure trough from the Bering Sea, which promised to bring some snow, stronger winds, and occasional white-out conditions to much of the area.









Just before 1400 hours, our plane was late, and clouds kept thickening. We hoped we'd make it out, before the weather closed in around the landing strip there at 7200 feet (most of the interior surrounding the Alaska Range is much lower, only 100 to 2500 feet above sea level, so even that elevation is very high, comparatively).

Then, right at about 1400 hours, the radio traffic began:


http://www.nationalparkstraveler.com/2009/06/roped-together-climbers-die-fall-mount-mckinley-denali-national-park-and-preserve

Roped-Together Climbers Die in Fall On Mount McKinley in Denali National Park and Preserve

Posted June 12th, 2009 by Kurt Repanshek
Two acclaimed climbers fell to their deaths on Mount McKinley in the vicinity of the mountain's West Rib and West Buttress routes. NPS photo.

Two acclaimed climbers who were roped together while climbing on Mount McKinley in Denali National Park and Preserve have fallen several thousand feet to their deaths.

While two medics and an emergency room were quick to reach the two, there was nothing they could do.

Killed in the accident Thursday were Dr. John Mislow, 39, of Newton, Massachusetts, and Dr. Andrew Swanson, age 36, of Minneapolis, Minnesota. While part of the fall was observed by other climbers on the mountain, park officials say many factors remain unknown about the accident, such as the location where the initial fall occurred and whether the team was ascending or descending at the time.

Although the onset of the fall was not witnessed, a team did observe them falling between the 16,500-foot elevation on the Messner Couloir and its base at 14,500 feet.

Park rangers at the 14,200-foot camp were notified via FRS radio within minutes of the event, which occurred shortly before 2:00 p.m. on Thursday. Three skiers in the vicinity were first to respond to the climbers, who were located approximately 30 minutes away from the 14,200-foot camp. A team of four volunteer NPS rangers, including an emergency room nurse and two medics, followed close behind and confirmed that the two men had died in the fall.

The bodies were recovered by the park’s A-Star B3 helicopter that same evening and flown to Talkeetna.

The two men began an ascent of the West Rib route on May 30, and their climbing registration forms did not specify a particular descent route. Situated in between the West Rib and the West Buttress routes, the Messner Couloir is a steep, hourglass-shaped snow gully that drops from near Archdeacon’s Tower at 19,000 feet down to the 14,200-foot basin. With a 40- to 50-degree snow and ice slope, the Messner Couloir is an occasional advanced ski descent route, but is rarely descended on foot or ascended.

Drs. Mislow and Swanson were both experienced mountaineers. In 2000, Denali National Park and Preserve presented the two men with the Denali Pro Award, an honor recognizing the highest standards in the sport for safety, self-sufficiency, and assisting fellow mountaineers.
During their 2000 attempt of the West Rib route they aided several different teams in distress; assisted a National Park Service patrol with multiple visitor protection projects; and

demonstrated sound risk assessment in their climbing objectives.

The rangers Chris, and his volunteer assistant Kurt swung into action, communicating with the 14,200 foot camp, and preparing supplies, in case they would need to be ferried up for a rescue operation. The tragic news came shortly though, there would be no need for one. Judging from the radio traffic we heard, death came to these poor men quickly. The conditions on Denali were still quite good, no banner clouds indicating increasing winds were visible, and it was still mostly in the clear. Which makes this tragic accident all the more mysterious, especially since they were such experienced mountaineers. May they be at peace.

The mood in camp plummeted. Our plane arrived at 1500, and we loaded in to our Talkeetna Air Taxi DeHavilland Beaver. Chris and Kurt, in spite of all this, wished us safe travels, and we said our goodbyes. Their jobs are just as, or even more, stressful, than what I can remember of my worst days in our local volunteer fire department, when we had the occasional mass casualty incident. We were all heavy of heart, thinking of what terrifying moments the two climbers must have experienced, and what those they left behind would soon be experiencing.

The flight back went a slightly different route, more directly through the Alaska range. Which would make sense, to avoid the incoming planes, ferrying in fresh teams and classes, for their adventures.
As we flew over the main part of the Kahiltna glacier, I saw these large areas of meltwater ponds on it. A very stunning shade of blue. We were told by the air service people working in camp that it was highly unusual to see so many of these so early. And it had been unprecedentedly warm there over the past few weeks. Not only that, but there had been no snow in Base Camp, since it was set up on 27 April, only a little rain the week before. Again without precedent in anyone's experience working there.

Although I only spent about 30 hours in that amazing place, it's an experience I'll never forget. I've always been drawn to snow-capped peaks, whether they were in Southern California in winter, the Cascade volcanoes, shimmering in the distance above the gentle lowlands of the Willamette Valley of Oregon in summer, or the high Andes of Bolivia and Peru, floating above the Altiplano. They radiate some sort of essential purity, and to be among them, is truly a spiritual experience. I look forward to my return trips to the Andes and Alaska Range, and perhaps others, as well.

Sunday, June 7, 2009

OPEN VEINS OF LATIN AMERICA - The Latest Chapter


The title of today's article is the title of this book that Venezuelan president Hugo Chavez gave to President Obama in April, at the Organization of American States (OAS). I hope Pres. Obama took time to read at least some of it.

http://www.amazon.com/Open-Veins-Latin-America-Centuries/dp/0853459916/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1244500842&sr=8-1

As soon as word got out about this interesting meeting, the first time Mr. Chavez and an American president were cordial together, and the book exchange, this book shot up to 2nd on Amazon.com's order list. Naturally, we here at A.P.R. had to get a copy, to see what the fuss was about.

It was truly eye-opening. The author, Eduardo Galeano, was a Uruguayan journalist when he wrote it in 1973, and it documents the centuries of exploitation of South America, first by the European imperial powers, and then the U.S. and multi-national corporations. It was last updated in 1997, before the rise to power of the many more left-leaning/progressive politicians in some of the Latin American countries. We learned many interesting things from this book. One little-known fact, the country of Paraguay in the 1850s-1860s actually developed, for it's time, a fairly progressive political structure, without the strong European-based oligarchy of all the other South American countries. Most workers in the cities were payed well, and farmers and ranchers received fair prices for their commodities. A coalition of countries, Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay, upset about this, afraid that this kind of government could serve as an example to the peasantry in their countries, invaded Paraguay in 1865, and thoroughly destroyed it. Only 250,000 of the two million people in that country survived! Brazil at this time was led by brutal oligarchs and still had slavery in place, which was not abolished until 1888! The last major country in the World to do so.

The common thread through the book, Open Veins..., is that first European countries, and then the U.S. and multi-national corporations, conspire with the European-descended oligarchical power structures in the Latin American countries to keep them in power, prevent them through economic policies from developing their own strong industrial bases, and keep prices low of the raw materials these countries export, coffee, bananas, timber, minerals, etc..

The latest chapter in this tragic history is unfolding as you read this.


Thousands of native people blocked the highway in the Amazon jungle in northern Peru. (Photo: Reuters)
Lima, Peru - President Alan Garcia labored Saturday to contain Peru's worst political violence in years, as nine more police officers were killed in a bloody standoff with Amazon Indians fighting his efforts to exploit oil and gas on their native lands.

The new deaths brought to 22 the number of police killed - seven with spears - since security forces moved early Friday to break up a roadblock manned by 5,000 protesters.
Protest leaders said at least 30 Indians, including three children, died in the clashes. Authorities said they could confirm only nine civilian deaths, but cabinet chief Yehude Simon told reporters that 155 people had been injured, about a third of them with bullet wounds.

He announced a 3 p.m.-6 a.m. curfew in the affected region and said authorities had made 72 arrests.

"The government was required to take these measures, not only for the president of the republic but for all 28 million Peruvians," Simon said of breaking up the protests, which blocked the flow of oil and gas out of the Amazon and prevented food and supplies from coming in. "We've all been affected one way or another by the protest ... when they take over highways and strategic points that can affect the national economy."

The political violence is the Andean country's worst since the Shining Path insurgency was quelled more than a decade ago, and it bodes ill for Garcia's ambitious plans to boost Peru's oil and gas output.

It began early Friday when security forces moved to break up a roadblock protesters mounted in early April. About 1,000 protesters seized police during the melee, taking more than three dozen hostage, officials said.
Twenty-two officers were rescued in Saturday's storming of Station No. 6 at state-owned Petroperu in Imacita, in the jungle state of Amazonas, Defense Minister Antero Florez told the Radioprogramas radio network. He said seven officers were missing.
Simon said the nine killed were taken more than a mile from the station and slain while an army general was negotiating protesters' retreat from the facility.
Among at least 45 casualties being treated at the main hospital in the Amazonas town of Bagua was local Indian leader Santiago Manuin, who received eight bullet wounds on Friday, said a nurse who identified herself only as "Sandra" for security reasons. She said no doctors could come to the phone because they were attending to the wounded.

Also Saturday, a judge ordered the arrest of protest group leader Alberto Pizango on sedition charges for allegedly inciting the violence, said the president of Peru's supreme court, Javier Villa Stein.
Neither Pizango nor other senior members of his organization, the Peruvian Jungle Interethnic Development Association, could immediately be reached by telephone.
Interior Minister Mercedes Cabanillos said Pizango had fled, likely to neighboring Bolivia where the government is dominated by the country's indigenous majority.
On Friday, Pizango accused the government of "genocide" for attacking what he called a peaceful protest. Indians have been blocking roads, waterways and a state oil pipeline intermittently since April 9, demanding that Peru's government repeal laws they say help foreign companies exploit their lands.

The laws, decreed by Garcia as he implemented a Peru-U.S. free trade pact, open communal jungle lands and water resources to oil drilling, logging, mining and large-scale farming, Indian leaders and environmental groups say.
In addition to violating Peru's constitution, indigenous groups add, Garcia is breaking international law by failing to obtain their consent for the projects.

Garcia defends the laws as necessary to help develop Peru. The government owns all subsoil rights across the country and Garcia has vigorously sought to exploit its mineral resources.

Contract blocks for oil and gas exploration cover approximately 72 percent of Peru's rain forest, according to a study published last year by Duke University in Durham, North Carolina.
And though Peru's growth rate has led Latin America in recent years, Garcia's critics say little wealth has trickled down in a country where roughly half the population is indigenous and the poverty rate tops 40 percent.

Indians say Garcia's government does not consult them in good faith before signing contracts that could affect at least 30,000 Amazon Indians across six provinces.

Last month, Roman Catholic bishops in the region issued a statement calling the complaints legitimate.

Protests prompted Garcia to declare a state of emergency on May 9, suspending some constitutional rights in four jungle provinces including Amazonas.

Because of the protests, Petroperu stopped pumping oil through its northern Peru pipeline from the jungle on April 26. Company spokesman Fernando Daffos said Friday that the interruption had cost it $448,000.

Also affected is the Argentine company Pluspetrol, which halted oil production in two jungle blocks in the Loreto region of northeastern Peru.
-------
Associated Press Writers Tamy Higa in Lima and Frank Bajak in Bogota contributed to this report.





Now, contrast the above article, from the U.S. Associated Press, with this one:
http://www.commondreams.org/newswire/2009/06/08-3
Peru Police Accused of Disposing of Dead Indigenous to Cover Up Death Toll (6/08/09)

Indigenous Leaders and Allies Call for an End to Violence on All Sides

BAGUA, Peru - June 8 - In the aftermath of Friday’s bloody raid on a peaceful indigenous road blockade near Bagua in the Peruvian Amazon, numerous eyewitnesses are reporting that the Special Forces of the Peruvian Police have been disposing of the bodies of indigenous protesters who were killed. “Today I spoke to many eyewitnesses in Bagua reporting that they saw police throw the bodies of the dead into the Marañon River from a helicopter in an apparent attempt by the Government to underreport the number of indigenous people killed by police,” said Gregor MacLennan, spokesperson for Amazon Watch speaking. “Hospital workers in Bagua Chica and Bagua Grande corroborated that the police took bodies of the dead from their premises to an undisclosed location. I spoke to several people who reported that there are bodies lying at the bottom of a deep crevasse up in the hills, about 2 kilometers from the incident site. When the Church and local leaders went to investigate, the police stopped them from approaching the area,” reported MacLennan.Police and government officials have been consistently underreporting the number of indigenous people killed by police gunfire.
Indigenous organizations place the number of protesters killed at least at 40, while Government officials claiming that only a handful of indigenous people were killed. Also the Garcia Government claims that 22 police officers were killed and several still missing.“Witnesses say that it was the police who opened fire last Friday on the protesters from helicopters,” MacLennan said. “Now the government appears to be destroying the bodies of slain protesters and giving very low estimates of the casualty. Given that the demonstrators were unarmed or carrying only wooden spears and the police were firing automatic weapons, the actual number of indigenous people killed is likely to be much higher.” “Another eyewitness reported seeing the bodies of five indigenous people that had been burned beyond identification at the morgue. I have listened to testimony of people in tears talking about witnessing the police burning bodies,” continued MacLennan.At least 150 people from the demonstration on Friday are still being detained.
Eye-witness reports also confirm that police forcibly removed some of the wounded indigenous protesters from hospitals, taking them to unknown destinations. Their families expressed concern for their well being while in detention. There are many people still reported missing and access to medical attention in the region is horribly inadequate. The Organizing Committee for the Indigenous Peoples of Alto Amazonas Province issued this statement: “It is appalling that political powers have acted in such a cruel and inhuman manner against Amazonian Peoples, failing to recognize the fundamental rights and protections guaranteed to us by the Constitution. We express deep grief over the death of our indigenous brothers, of civilians and the officers of the National Police.”

The government expanded the State of Emergency and established a curfew on all traffic in the region from 3 pm to 6 am. Indigenous and international human rights organizations are worried about plans of another National Police raid on a blockade in Yurimaguas close to the town of Tarapoto where thousands are blocking a road.President Alan Garcia is being widely criticized for fomenting a climate of fear mongering against indigenous peoples by drawing parallels to the brutal Shinning Path guerrilla movement of the 1980s and early 1990s, and by vaguely referring to external and anti-democratic threats to the country.
The Amazonian indigenous peoples’ mobilizations have been peaceful, locally coordinated, and extremely well organized for nearly two months. Yet Garcia insists on calling them terrorist acts and anti-democratic. Garcia has even gone so far as to describe the indigenous mobilizations as “savage and barbaric.” Garcia has made his discrimination explicit, saying directly that the Amazonian indigenous people are not first-class citizens.“These people don't have crowns," Garcia said about the protesters. “These people aren't first-class citizens who can say -- 400,000 natives to 28 million Peruvians -- 'You don't have the right to be here.' No way. That is a huge error.”
Ironically, Peru was the country that introduced the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples on the floor of the General Assembly when it was adopted in September 2007. A coalition of indigenous and human rights organizations will protest in front of the Peruvian Embassy in Washington D.C. on Monday, June 8 at 12:30 pm. Indigenous peoples have vowed to continue protests until the Peruvian Congress revokes the “free trade” decrees issued by President Garcia under special powers granted by Congress in the context of the Free Trade Agreement with the United States. Among the outpouring of statements condemning the violence in Peru were those from Peru’s Ombudsman’s office, the chair of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, a coalition of 45 international human rights organizations, Indigenous organizations from throughout the Americas, and the Conference of Bishops of Peru. Also famous personalities including Q’orianka Kilcher, Benjamin Bratt, Peter Bratt, and Daryl Hannah and Bianca Jagger called on the Peruvian Government to cease the violence and seek peaceful resolution to the conflict. AIDESEP, the national indigenous organization of Peru has called for a nationwide general strike starting June 11th. Amazon Watch is continually updating photographs, audio testimony, and video footage from Bagua on www.amazonwatch.org.Newly released b-roll at http://amazonwatch.org/peru-protests-highres-photos.php
###

We here at A.P.R. think it extremely likely that there is political pressure from the U.S., and corporate entities, to force an end to this conflict, in favor of the Peruvian government. Remember that "free-trade" pact with the U.S.? All of those seemingly innocuous sounding trade agreements, like NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement), CAFTA (Central American Free Trade Agreement), etc.., have been disastrous for all people, and the environment, in all the countries involved, except for the very rich, and multi-national corporations. Because these agreements force the governments of the signing countries to accept economic and environmental policies that are to their detriment.
The Amazonian Rain Forest are the "lungs of the planet", providing a significant source of the global oxygen from CO2 in the atmosphere from photosynthesis by the incredibly diverse jungle vegetation. Continued deforestation there is only adding to the Global Warming problem, most of which is done for expansion of cattle ranching (for cheap U.S. and European beef), soybean farming (to feed the cattle for cheap U.S. and European beef), mining, and lately, expansion of oil and gas exploration/production.

Indigenous people in Peru, Brazil, Ecuador, and Colombia have been under great threat over the last several decades, from the expansion into the Amazonian Rain Forest by these governments and multi-national corporations.

This is bad news for two reasons.

The first is the pure physical environmental destruction that is occurring, hastening Global Climate Change. Once these forests are cleared, it is hard for them to be restored, as the soils in these tropical areas are very nutrient-poor, and erode quickly. During the dry season, after being eroded in the preceding wet season, they bake under the tropical sun to a brick-hard, impoverished gully-carved surface. In which it is very difficult for vegetative re-growth to occur.

This accelerates the destruction, and can lead to actual desertification of vast areas of the tropics, hastening global climate change, and removing a significant source of CO2 sequestration from the global system.

The second is that the destruction of indigenous cultures bodes ill for the future of the human race. It is our contention here at A.P.R., that all the indigenous cultures of the World's view of the planet and all creatures in it, as a unified, spiritual system, and sacredness of all it's parts must be incorporated into the prevailing "western" or "developed" culture. If we are to survive the looming threats of overpopulation/resource depletion, climate change, and environmental collapse.

For it is only by realizing that the Earth is a finite system, with limited resources, and that all countries, cultures, and beings are sacred, and equal in the overall spiritual sense, that countries and cultures can work together in trust, to solve these global problems. And that it is unsustainable and immoral that vast tracts of poor countries must produce cheap destructive products for richer countries, at the expense of their people and environment.

The next time you buy non-organic, non-free trade red meat, bananas, or coffee, try and remember these things. Because they arrive here to you at great expense and detriment to the people and countries of their origin.

This conflict in Peru now is similar to what we saw in the U.S. with the indigenous people here over the past three centuries. Did you know that if some superior culture, with the power to disable all weaponry instantaneously across the World, were to force the U.S. to honor it's treaties over the past two centuries with the indigenous people of this continent, it would cease to exist?
A small example. The Black Hills of South Dakota were ceded by the Treaty of 1868 by the U.S. Government (meaning it passed House and Senate votes, and was signed into law by President Andrew Johnson) forever to the Lakota people, which was their traditional hunting ground, and spiritual center. By 1874, the influx of miners after gold there was so great, the U.S. government forced the Lakota out, leading to the famous battles which culminated in 1876 at Little Big Horn.
This was just one example of many. The whole tragic story can be found in that seminal work which burst upon the U.S. progressive scene, in 1970, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee.
http://www.amazon.com/Bury-My-Heart-Wounded-Knee/dp/0805086846/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1244867595&sr=8-1
This book, written by historian Dee Brown, is a devastating account of the history of indigenous peoples in the U.S., told from their viewpoints. It should be required reading in every high school and college. These kind of events are still unfolding in Latin America, because they have more indigenous people.

And we wonder why life on Indian reservations in the Lower 48, or amongst the indigenous peoples in our villages and cities, including here in Fairbanks and Anchorage seems so dysfunctional, with high rates of alcoholism/drug abuse, physical and sexual abuse, etc... We think it safe to say, if some other culture were able to forcibly impose itself upon ours, and force complete changes in our ways of living and spirituality, that we and our descendants would be in similar positions. This is still happening, in Latin America (and Africa in the Niger River Delta, with the oil industry there, imagine that...). Will it ever end?

Cheers.

Friday, May 29, 2009

THE TRUTH OF WAR [and] 20 YEARS AFTER

Greetings folks. I had originally wanted to put out a little more uplifting piece this week, since spring/early summer is fully underway here in the sub-arctic, and it's hard not to feel the new life and energy in the air after our long winter. I had several ideas in mind, and was wracking my brain about putting them together. But, as often happens, answers to questions we have often arrive at unexpected times, and right in front of our eyes. When I was scanning my usual news-sites today, I came across the article below, which I felt was worthy of sharing and commentary. It's very powerful, and brought tears to my eyes, I have to admit.

Published on Monday, June 1, 2009 by TruthDig.com

War Is Sin

by Chris Hedges

The crisis faced by combat veterans returning from war is not simply a profound struggle with trauma and alienation. It is often, for those who can slice through the suffering to self-awareness, an existential crisis. War exposes the lies we tell ourselves about ourselves. It rips open the hypocrisy of our religions and secular institutions. Those who return from war have learned something which is often incomprehensible to those who have stayed home. We are not a virtuous nation. God and fate have not blessed us above others. Victory is not assured. War is neither glorious nor noble. And we carry within us the capacity for evil we ascribe to those we fight.

Those who return to speak this truth, such as members of Iraq Veterans Against the War, are our contemporary prophets. But like all prophets they are condemned and ignored for their courage. They struggle, in a culture awash in lies, to tell what few have the fortitude to digest. They know that what we are taught in school, in worship, by the press, through the entertainment industry and at home, that the melding of the state's rhetoric with the rhetoric of religion, is empty and false.

The words these prophets speak are painful. We, as a nation, prefer to listen to those who speak from the patriotic script. We prefer to hear ourselves exalted. If veterans speak of terrible wounds visible and invisible, of lies told to make them kill, of evil committed in our name, we fill our ears with wax. Not our boys, we say, not them, bred in our homes, endowed with goodness and decency. For if it is easy for them to murder, what about us? And so it is simpler and more comfortable not to hear. We do not listen to the angry words that cascade forth from their lips, wishing only that they would calm down, be reasonable, get some help, and go away. We, the deformed, brand our prophets as madmen. We cast them into the desert. And this is why so many veterans are estranged and enraged. This is why so many succumb to suicide or addictions.

War comes wrapped in patriotic slogans, calls for sacrifice, honor and heroism and promises of glory. It comes wrapped in the claims of divine providence. It is what a grateful nation asks of its children. It is what is right and just. It is waged to make the nation and the world a better place, to cleanse evil. War is touted as the ultimate test of manhood, where the young can find out what they are made of. War, from a distance, seems noble. It gives us comrades and power and a chance to play a small bit in the great drama of history. It promises to give us an identity as a warrior, a patriot, as long as we go along with the myth, the one the war-makers need to wage wars and the defense contractors need to increase their profits.

But up close war is a soulless void. War is about barbarity, perversion and pain, an unchecked orgy of death. Human decency and tenderness are crushed. Those who make war work overtime to reduce love to smut, and all human beings become objects, pawns to use or kill. The noise, the stench, the fear, the scenes of eviscerated bodies and bloated corpses, the cries of the wounded, all combine to spin those in combat into another universe. In this moral void, naively blessed by secular and religious institutions at home, the hypocrisy of our social conventions, our strict adherence to moral precepts, come unglued. War, for all its horror, has the power to strip away the trivial and the banal, the empty chatter and foolish obsessions that fill our days. It lets us see, although the cost is tremendous.

The Rev. William P. Mahedy, who was a Catholic chaplain in Vietnam, tells of a soldier, a former altar boy, in his book "Out of the Night: The Spiritual Journey of Vietnam Vets," who says to him: "Hey, Chaplain ... how come it's a sin to hop into bed with a mama-san but it's okay to blow away gooks out in the bush?"

"Consider the question that he and I were forced to confront on that day in a jungle clearing," Mahedy writes. "How is it that a Christian can, with a clear conscience, spend a year in a war zone killing people and yet place his soul in jeopardy by spending a few minutes with a prostitute? If the New Testament prohibitions of sexual misconduct are to be stringently interpreted, why, then, are Jesus' injunctions against violence not binding in the same way? In other words, what does the commandment ‘Thou shalt not kill' really mean?"

Military chaplains, a majority of whom are evangelical Christians, defend the life of the unborn, tout America as a Christian nation and eagerly bless the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan as holy crusades. The hollowness of their morality, the staggering disconnect between the values they claim to promote, is ripped open in war.

There is a difference between killing someone who is trying to kill you and taking the life of someone who does not have the power to harm you. The first is killing. The second is murder. But in the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, where the enemy is elusive and rarely seen, murder occurs far more often than killing. Families are massacred in airstrikes. Children are gunned down in blistering suppressing fire laid down in neighborhoods after an improvised explosive device goes off near a convoy. Artillery shells obliterate homes. And no one stops to look. The dead and maimed are left behind.

The utter failure of nearly all our religious institutions-whose texts are unequivocal about murder-to address the essence of war has rendered them useless. These institutions have little or nothing to say in wartime because the god they worship is a false god, one that promises victory to those who obey the law and believe in the manifest destiny of the nation.
We all have the capacity to commit evil. It takes little to unleash it. For those of us who have been to war this is the awful knowledge that is hardest to digest, the knowledge that the line between the victims and the victimizers is razor-thin, that human beings find a perverse delight in destruction and death, and that few can resist the pull. At best, most of us become silent accomplices.


Wars may have to be fought to ensure survival, but they are always tragic. They always bring to the surface the worst elements of any society, those who have a penchant for violence and a lust for absolute power. They turn the moral order upside down. It was the criminal class that first organized the defense of Sarajevo. When these goons were not manning roadblocks to hold off the besieging Bosnian Serb army they were looting, raping and killing the Serb residents in the city. And those politicians who speak of war as an instrument of power, those who wage war but do not know its reality, those powerful statesmen-the Henry Kissingers, Robert McNamaras, Donald Rumsfelds, the Dick Cheneys-those who treat war as part of the great game of nations, are as amoral as the religious stooges who assist them. And when the wars are over what they have to say to us in their thick memoirs about war is also hollow, vacant and useless.
"In theological terms, war is sin," writes Mahedy. "This has nothing to do with whether a particular war is justified or whether isolated incidents in a soldier's war were right or wrong. The point is that war as a human enterprise is a matter of sin. It is a form of hatred for one's fellow human beings. It produces alienation from others and nihilism, and it ultimately represents a turning away from God."


The young soldiers and Marines do not plan or organize the war. They do not seek to justify it or explain its causes. They are taught to believe. The symbols of the nation and religion are interwoven. The will of God becomes the will of the nation. This trust is forever shattered for many in war. Soldiers in combat see the myth used to send them to war implode. They see that war is not clean or neat or noble, but venal and frightening. They see into war's essence, which is death.

War is always about betrayal. It is about betrayal of the young by the old, of cynics by idealists, and of soldiers and Marines by politicians. Society's institutions, including our religious institutions, which mold us into compliant citizens, are unmasked. This betrayal is so deep that many never find their way back to faith in the nation or in any god. They nurse a self-destructive anger and resentment, understandable and justified, but also crippling. Ask a combat veteran struggling to piece his or her life together about God and watch the raw vitriol and pain pour out. They have seen into the corrupt heart of America, into the emptiness of its most sacred institutions, into our staggering hypocrisy, and those of us who refuse to heed their words become complicit in the evil they denounce.

© 2009 TruthDig.com

Chris Hedges writes a regular column for Truthdig.com. Hedges graduated from Harvard Divinity School and was for nearly two decades a foreign correspondent for The New York Times. He is the author of many books, including: War Is A Force That Gives Us Meaning, What Every Person Should Know About War, and American Fascists: The Christian Right and the War on America. His most recent book, Empire of Illusion: The End of Literacy and the Triumph of Spectacle, will be out in July, but is available for pre-order.

Mr. Hedges knows whereof he speaks, having been a foreign correspondent for the New York Times, and has seen the horrors of war first-hand. And talked with hundreds of soldiers about their experiences. Living here in "The Belly of the Beast" as my Mother calls the U.S. (because of our empire and horrible warring history), and especially Fairbanks, because of it's large army and air force bases, really has opened my eyes, since my arrival here in 2001. Fairbanks is the most conservative place I've ever lived; other than the area around the University of Alaska, culturally speaking, it is not much different than living in Great Falls, Montana, or Amarillo Texas. The majority of the churches seem to be of the more fundamentalist Christian type, one of which in particular occasionally displays venomous, polarizing statements on its light-board next to the busy Steese Highway, for all the passing drivers to see. Part of this also stems from the fact that many thousands of people from Texas, Oklahoma, and Louisiana came to Alaska in the 1970s to help build the trans-Alaska oil pipeline, and work in the rapidly expanding oil industry.

Their culture came with them, to the detriment of Alaska as a whole (that could be a great future topic, the change in Alaska state politics from the 1960s, to the present. There were some surprisingly diverse and progressive Alaska politicians up until the 1970s, who could never be elected now). Those of you who have spent time in those places would know exactly what I mean by that. One of the best illustrations of this is that in the Fairbanks North Star Borough (population around 90,000), there is no natural food store! Even tiny Valdez, Alaska, population 2000 or so, has one! Enough said. [fortunately in the past year serious effort is going in to start a natural foods coop here, eds.]

Many of the bars downtown have banned G.I.'s from their establishments. Because some of the soldiers returning from Iraq and Afghanistan went wild, more or less, causing a large amount of fighting and property damage in them. Which is sad, since many of them are probably in great emotional and physical trauma, from what they experienced there. There are some support groups available locally for these returning vets, and it's vital that progressive people and groups interact with them, so that they can help teach people about THE TRUTH OF WAR. That will help in the efforts to make the U.S. a less militarized, and non-imperialistic country. Because if we don't, more 9/11 type attacks will occur in this country, and/or other countries may choose to cut their economic and other ties with ours.

Why do you think North Korea, at great expense and sacrifice to their population and land, develops nuclear weapons and long-range missile technology? Because they know that is the only way their integrity as a country and political system can be maintained. Not that their system is ideal, by any means, there is great repression and suffering there, to be sure. But all smaller countries know now, after the criminal Iraq invasion especially, that the only way to protect themselves from foreign, and U.S., aggression, is through the possession of nuclear weapons, and the ability to deliver them.


20 YEARS AFTER

One of the joys of living in Alaska is showing relatives and family from the lower 48 the beauty of this land, and experiencing that with/through them. When my mother and sister came up from Oregon and California last week, we drove down to Valdez, so they could see that amazing area around Prince William Sound, and all the country between it and Fairbanks.

Of course, we all remember what happened there in March, 1989:
http://www.eoearth.org/article/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill


"Introduction:

On March 24, 1989, the tanker Exxon Valdez, en route from Valdez, Alaska to Los Angeles, California, ran aground on Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska. The vessel was traveling outside normal shipping lanes in an attempt to avoid ice. Within six hours of the grounding, the Exxon Valdez spilled approximately 10.9 million gallons of its 53 million gallon cargo of Prudhoe Bay crude oil. Eight of the eleven tanks on board were damaged. The oil would eventually impact over 1,100 miles of non-continuous coastline in Alaska, making the Exxon Valdez the largest oil spill to date in U.S. waters.

The response to the Exxon Valdez involved more personnel and equipment over a longer period of time than did any other spill in U.S. history. Logistical problems in providing fuel, meals, berthing, response equipment, waste management and other resources were one of the largest challenges to response management. At the height of the response, more than 11,000 personnel, 1,400 vessels and 85 aircraft were involved in the cleanup.

Shoreline cleanup began in April of 1989 and continued until September of 1989 for the first year of the response. The response effort continued in 1990 and 1991 with cleanup in the summer months, and limited shoreline monitoring in the winter months. Fate and effects monitoring by state and Federal agencies are ongoing.

The images that the world saw on television and descriptions they heard on the radio that spring were of heavily oiled shorelines, dead and dying wildlife, and thousands of workers mobilized to clean beaches. These images reflected what many people felt was a severe environmental insult to a relatively pristine, ecologically important area that was home to many species of wildlife endangered elsewhere. In the weeks and months that followed, the oil spread over a wide area in Prince William Sound and beyond, resulting in an unprecedented response and cleanup—in fact, the largest oil spill cleanup ever mobilized. Many local, state, federal, and private agencies and groups took part in the effort. Even today, scientists continue to study the affected shorelines to understand how an ecosystem like Prince William Sound responds to, and recovers from, an incident like the Exxon Valdez oil spill.

How much oil remains?
Based on the areas that were studied in the aftermath of the spill, scientists made estimates of the ultimate fate of the oil. A
2001 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) study surveyed 96 sites along 8,000 miles of coastline.

A pit dug on a Prince William Sound beach in 2001 revealing oil in the sediments. (Source: NOAA)
The survey distinguished between surface and buried oil. Buried or subsurface oil is of greater concern than surface oil. Subsurface oil can remain dormant for many years before being dispersed and is more liquid, still toxic, and may become biologically available. A disturbance event such as burrowing animals or a severe storm reworks the beach and can reintroduce unweathered oil into the water. Results of the summer shoreline survey showed that the oil remaining on the surface of beaches in
Prince William Sound is weathered and mostly hardened into an asphalt-like layer. The toxic components of this type of surface oil are not as readily available to biota, although some softer forms do cause sheens in tide pools.

The survey indicates a total area of approximately 20 acres of shoreline in Prince William Sound are still contaminated with oil. Oil was found at 58 percent of the 91 sites assessed and is estimated to have the linear equivalent of 5.8 km of contaminated shoreline.
In addition to the estimated area of remaining oiled beach, several other important points were evident:
Surface oil was determined to be not a good indicator of subsurface oil.

Twenty subsurface pits were classified as heavily oiled. Oil saturated all of the interstitial spaces and was extremely repugnant. These “worst case” pits exhibited an oil mixture that resembled oil encountered in 1989 a few weeks after the spill—highly odiferous, lightly weathered, and very fluid.

Subsurface oil was also found at a lower tide height than expected (between 0 and 6 feet), in contrast to the surface oil, which was found mostly at the highest levels of the beach. This is significant, because the pits with the most oil were found low in the intertidal zone, closest to the zone of biological production, and indicate that the survey estimates are conservative at best.
Ecosystem response to the spill
Recovery is a very difficult term to define and measure for a complex ecosystem such as
Prince William Sound. If you ask a fisherman from Kodiak Island, a villager from the town of Valdez, an Exxon engineer, or a NOAA biologist, you are likely to receive such different answers that you may wonder if they heard the same question. In particular, disagreements exist between Exxon and government-funded scientists, and unknowns persist, especially in understanding how multiple processes combine to drive observed dynamics.

Despite this, there are some things known with a high degree of certainty: oil persisted beyond a decade in surprising amounts and in toxic forms, was sufficiently bioavailable to induce chronic biological exposures, and had long-term impacts at the population level. Three major pathways of long-term impacts emerge: (1) chronic persistence of oil, biological exposures, and population impacts to species closely associated with shallow sediments; (2) delayed population impacts of sublethal doses compromising health, growth, and reproduction; and (3) indirect effects of trophic and interaction cascades, all of which transmit impacts well beyond the acute-phase mortality.

Acute Mortality
Marine mammals and seabirds are at great risk from floating oil because they have routine contact with the sea surface. Oiling of fur or feathers causes loss of insulating capacity and can lead to death from hypothermia, smothering, drowning, and ingestion of toxic hydrocabons. Scientists estimate mass mortalities of 1000 to 2800 sea otters, 302 harbor seals, and unprecedented numbers of seabird deaths estimated at 250,000 in the days immediately after the
oil spill. Mass mortality also occurred among macroalgae and benthic invertebrates on oiled shores from a combination of chemical toxicity, smothering, and physical displacement from the habitat by pressurized wash-water applied after the spill.

Long-term impacts
The persistent nature of oil in sediments produce chronic, long-term exposure risks from some species. For example, chronic exposures for years after the spill to oil persisting in sedimentary refuges were evident from biomarkers in fish, sea otters, and seaducks intimately associated with sediments for egg laying or foraging. These chronic exposures enhanced mortality for years.

Clean-up attempts can be more damaging than the oil itself, with impacts recurring as long as clean-up (including both chemical and physical methods) continues. Because of the pervasiveness of strong biological interactions in rocky intertidal and kelp forest communities, cascades of delayed, indirect impacts (especially of trophic cascades and biogenic habitat loss) expand the scope of injury well beyond the initial direct losses and thereby also delay recoveries.
Oil that penetrates deeply into beaches can remain relatively fresh for years and can later come back to the surface and affect nearby animals. In addition, oil degrades at varying rates depending on environment, with subsurface sediments physically protected from disturbance, oxygenation, and photolysis retaining contamination by only partially weathered oil for years.
Rocky rubble shores should be of high priority for protection and cleanup because oil tends to penetrate deep and weather very slowly in these habitats, prolonging the harmful effects of the oil when it leaches out.

Oil effects to sea birds and mammals also are substantial (independent of means of insulation) over the long-term through interactions between natural environmental stressors and compromised health of exposed animals, through chronic toxic exposure from ingesting contaminated prey or during foraging around persistent sedimentary pools of oil, and through disruption of vital social functions (caregiving or reproduction) in socially organized species.
Long-term exposure of fish embryos to weathered oil at parts per billion (ppb) concentrations has population consequences through indirect effects on growth, deformities, and behavior with long-term consequences on mortality and reproduction.

The Exxon Valdez also triggered major improvements in oil spill prevention and response planning.

The U.S. Coast Guard now monitors fully-laden tankers via satellite as they pass through Valdez Narrows, cruise by Bligh Island, and exit Prince William Sound at Hinchinbrook Entrance. In 1989, the Coast Guard watched the tankers only through Valdez Narrows and Valdez Arm.
Two escort vessels accompany each tanker while passing through the entire Sound. They not only watch over the tankers, but are capable of assisting them in the event of an emergency, such as a loss of power or loss of rudder control. Fifteen years ago, there was only one escort vessel through Valdez Narrows.

Specially trained marine pilots, with considerable experience in Prince William Sound, board tankers from their new pilot station at Bligh Reef and are aboard the ship for 25 miles out of the 70-mile transit through the Sound. Weather criteria for safe navigation are firmly established.
Congress enacted legislation requiring that all tankers in Prince William Sound be double-hulled by the year 2015. It is estimated that if the Exxon Valdez had had a double-hull structure, the amount of the spill would have been reduced by more than half. There are presently three double-hulled and twelve double-bottomed tankers moving oil through Prince William Sound. Two more Endeavor class tankers are under construction by ConocoPhillips, their expected induction into service is 2004 and 2005.

Contingency planning for oil spills in Prince William Sound must now include a scenario for a spill of 12.6 million gallons. Drills are held in the Sound each year.
The combined ability of skimming systems to remove oil from the water is now 10 times greater than it was in 1989, with equipment in place capable of recovering over 300,000 barrels of oil in 72 hours.

Even if oil could have been skimmed up in 1989, there was no place to put the oil-water mix. Today, seven barges are available with a capacity to hold 818,000 barrels of recovered oil.
There are now 40 miles of containment boom in
Prince William Sound, seven times the amount available at the time of the Exxon Valdez spill.
Dispersants are now stockpiled for use and systems are in place to apply them from helicopters, airplanes, and boats. "

My sister and I took a day-long glacier cruise from Valdez aboard the LuLuBelle, a 70 foot touring boat, one of the goals of which is to reach the face of the 3rd largest glacier in Alaska, the Columbia Glacier. As with most here, it has receded quite a bit in the past few decades.
Here is one of the countless small islands in the Valdez Arm of Prince William Sound on that cool, grey, rainy wednesday, of last week.

Most of the shoreline around the Valdez Arm and the main Prince William Sound areas we saw rises nearly vertically thousands of feet directly out of the water, with little or no beach. In some cases, just sheer cliffs rise straight out of the water, and at one point our boat even nudged in to a cave-like entrance with an arch overhead.
The sea lion population is doing quite well there apparently. Though the locals are not too crazy about them.

They eat a prodigious amount of salmon, and our boat captain told us the stories of how they have swam north from California to the Ballard Locks in Seattle's Lake Washington, and up the Columbia River Gorge, and decimated salmon stocks there. But they are protected in Alaskan waters, so they are mostly left alone.
They sure were entertaining to watch though, cavorting around the boat, but their fishy breath was incredible, almost nauseating!


Heading toward Columbia glacier, we only saw one humpback whale, and it wasn't very active, just slowly searching the base of the cliffs for fish.
So we proceeded on toward the Columbia Glacier rendezvous. But, unfortunately, there were too many icebergs in front that have calved off. There were no leads wide enough that the boat could get through to approach the glacier's face in the tidewater. We could only get to within about five miles of it, and since it was rainy and foggy, couldn't even see it. But the icebergs themselves were just as beautiful.
The deep blue ones are deep, compressed ice from the bottoms of the glacier, not containing very many air bubbles. The whiter the ice, the shallower in the glacier it was, and hence, less compressed.
It was also much colder nearer to the glacier. It had been about 43 degrees F out in Prince William Sound, and when we reached our turn-around point, at the iceberg front, it was down to near 32 F, and some snowflakes were mixing in with the rain.
It was disappointing not being able to see Columbia Glacier, but the ride back through Prince William Sound made up for it.
Two humpback whales gave us a show we'll never forget. The sight and sound of their breath, and splashing as they reared up and breached, then slammed back down into the water was an experience not to be missed!




Hard not to believe some great intelligence drives these amazing creatures, and to wonder in awe at their lives in the sea. Migrating thousands of miles through the seasons, in search of the fish they eat, and for birthing areas. How do they sleep? Obviously they must stay afloat while they do.
It was a full eight hour 80 mile or so cruise, and all 15 of us on the boat will never forget it. A multi-day kayak trip will have to be undertaken someday by the A.P.R. staff, to fully experience and appreciate this beautiful wilderness, which fortunately seems to have recovered much of it's former abundance, as the above article mentioned.

Of course, while in Valdez, I had to continue my marathon training, for the Anchorage one on 6/20. My friend Erik told me about Mineral Canyon, a dirt road goes up it for several miles.
It is a beautiful steep, glacially carved canyon, 4000-5000 feet deep, as you can see, and only about a quarter-mile wide.


Wednesday morning, before the 2 pm boat tour, I took off from our hotel near the harbor, and ran up into the canyon. About 3 miles in, an old avalanche blocked the road, which I had to scramble over. It probably came down a month or two ago, was melting, but still brick hard. Not something to be in the path of!
I just went a mile past that, then turned back, I only could take 90 min. for this run, my sister and mother were waiting for me. Just a half-mile back, I had to stop. A black bear had taken up residence by the side of the road and was munching greens. I stayed back 100 feet or so, and talked to it. I told it how beautiful it was, and asked permission to pass. I never felt any threat, and just waited a few minutes. Sure enough, it finished up munching it's greens, and ambled back into the woods. I ran past the area and thanked it.
The next morning, I ran back up Mineral Canyon, but this time, just before the old avalanche, I felt chills run up my neck and head, something just didn't feel right. I turned right around and headed back. I don't ignore those feelings, and am still here! I don't know what, if anything, would have happened, had I continued on, but feel it is extremely important to listen to these feelings/intuition we all get from time to time, and act on them. Cheers.

Friday, May 15, 2009

THE EMPIRE HAS NO CLOTHES

With over 700 military installations in over 110 countries, and an annual defense budget six times greater than the next largest spender, China, the most populous country on Earth (and one that has been savagely invaded and repressed in the previous 250 years by Europe and Japan), the U.S.A., is by any definition, an empire. Especially when one considers the previous 100 years of U.S. direct and indirect invasions and subversions of governments in countries all over the World. However, things are beginning to unravel. The global economic crisis started as a direct result of the American financial industry's greed when it was de-regulated over the past 25 years is one factor that will end U.S. global economic and military hegemony.

Another is the illegal, and immoral invasion and occupation of the sovereign nation of Iraq, which has already cost the U.S. more than 1.5 trillion dollars since it was launched in May, 2003, and the lives of at least 1 million people there. As well, the war in Afghanistan, supposedly launched in 2001 in response to the criminal terrorist attacks in New York City in Sept. 2001, is rapidly also turning, as all occupations have there, into a miasma of civilian casualties, escalating military actions, including aerial bombardment, and incursions into Pakistan. Similar to what occurred in Laos and Cambodia, countries with the misfortune to have been adjacent to Vietnam during the war there. http://counterpunch.org/whitney05152009.html

I'd like to show you two articles, and then A.P.R. will give you our analysis:

http://www.truthout.org/042609A

TORTURE USED TO LINK SADDAM WITH 9/11

"When I testified last year before the House Judiciary Committee's Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties about Bush interrogation policies, Congressman Trent Franks (R-Arizona) stated that former CIA Director Michael Hayden had confirmed that the Bush administration only waterboarded Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Abu Zubaydah, and Abd al-Rahim al-Nashirit for one minute each. I told Franks that I didn't believe that. Sure enough, one of the newly released torture memos reveals that Mohammed was waterboarded 183 times and Zubaydah was waterboarded 83 times. One of Stephen Bradbury's 2005 memos asserted that "enhanced techniques" on Zubaydah yielded the identification of Mohammed and an alleged radioactive bomb plot by Jose Padilla. But FBI supervisory special agent Ali Soufan, who interrogated Zubaydah from March to June 2002, wrote in The New York Times that Zubaydah produced that information under traditional interrogation methods, before the harsh tec hniques were ever used.

Why, then, the relentless waterboarding of these two men? It turns out that high Bush officials put heavy pressure on Pentagon interrogators to get Mohammed and Zubaydah to reveal a link between Saddam Hussein and the 9/11 hijackers, in order to justify Bush's illegal and unnecessary invasion of Iraq in 2003. That link was never established.

President Obama released the four memos in response to a Freedom of Information Act request by the ACLU. They describe unimaginably brutal techniques and provide "legal" justification for clearly illegal acts of torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment. In the face of monumental pressure from the CIA to keep them secret, Obama demonstrated great courage in deciding to make the grotesque memos public. At the same time, however, in an attempt to pacify the intelligence establishment, Obama said, "it is our intention to assure those who carried out their duties relying in good faith upon legal advice from the Department of Justice that they will not be subject to prosecution."

In startlingly clinical and dispassionate terms, the authors of the newly released torture memos describe and then rationalize why the devastating techniques the CIA sought to employ on human beings do not violate the Torture Statute (18 U.S.C. sec. 2340).
The memos justify 10 techniques, including banging heads into walls 30 times in a row, prolonged nudity, repeated slapping, dietary manipulation, and dousing with cold water as low as 41 degrees. They allow shackling in a standing position for 180 hours, sleep deprivation for 11 days, confinement of people in small dark boxes with insects for hours, and waterboarding to create the perception they are drowning. Moreover, the memos permit many of these techniques to be used in combination for a 30-day period. They find that none of these techniques constitute torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment.


Waterboarding, admittedly the most serious of the methods, is designed, according to Jay Bybee, to induce the perception of "suffocation and incipient panic, i.e. the perception of drowning." But although Bybee finds that "the use of the waterboard constitutes a threat of imminent death," he accepts the CIA's claim that it does "not anticipate that any prolonged mental harm would result from the use of the waterboard." One of Bradbury's memos requires that a physician be on duty during waterboarding to perform a tracheotomy in case the victim doesn't recover after being returned to an upright position.

As psychologist Jeffrey Kaye points out, the CIA and the Justice Department "ignored a wealth of other published information" that indicates dissociative symptoms, changes greater than those in patients undergoing heart surgery, and drops in testosterone to castration levels after acute stress associated with techniques that the memos sanction.

The Torture Statute punishes conduct, or conspiracy to engage in conduct, specifically intended to inflict severe physical or mental pain or suffering. "Severe mental pain or suffering" means the prolonged mental harm caused by or resulting from either the intentional infliction or threatened infliction of severe physical pain or suffering, or from the threat of imminent death.
Bybee asserts that "if a defendant acts with the good faith belief that his actions will not cause such suffering, he has not acted with specific intent." He makes the novel claim that the presence of personnel with medical training who can stop the interrogation if medically necessary "indicates that it is not your intent to cause severe physical pain."


Now a federal judge with a lifetime appointment, Bybee concludes that waterboarding does not constitute torture under the Torture Statute. However, he writes, "we cannot predict with confidence whether a court would agree with this conclusion."

Bybee's memo explains why the 10 techniques could be used on Abu Zubaydah, who was considered to be a top al-Qaeda operative. "Zubaydah does not have any pre-existing mental conditions or problems that would make him likely to suffer prolonged mental harm from [the CIA's] proposed interrogation methods," the CIA told Bybee. But Zubaydah was a low-ranking al-Qaeda operative, according to leading FBI counterterrorism expert Dan Coleman, who advised a top FBI official, "This guy is insane, certifiable, split personality." This was reported by Ron Suskind in his book, "The One Percent Doctrine."

The CIA's request to confine Zubaydah in a cramped box with an insect was granted by Bybee, who told the CIA it could place a harmless insect in the box and tell Zubaydah that it will sting him but it won't kill him. Even though the CIA knew that Zubaydah had an irrational fear of insects, Bybee found there would be no threat of severe physical pain or suffering if it followed this procedure.

Obama's intent to immunize those who violated our laws banning torture and cruel treatment violates the president's constitutional duty to "take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed."
US law prohibits torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, and requires that those who subject people to such treatment be prosecuted. The Convention against Torture compels us to refer all torture cases for prosecution or extradite the suspect to a country that will undertake a criminal investigation.


Obama has made a political calculation to seek amnesty for the CIA torturers. However, good-faith reliance on superior orders was rejected as a defense at Nuremberg and in Lieutenant Calley's Vietnam-era trial for the My Lai Massacre. The Torture Convention provides unequivocally, "An order from a superior officer or a public authority may not be invoked as a justification for torture."

There is evidence that the CIA was using the illegal techniques as early as April 2002, three to four months before the August memo was written. That would eliminate "good-faith" reliance on Justice Department advice as a "defense" to prosecution.

The Senate Intelligence Committee revealed that Condoleezza Rice approved waterboarding on July 17, 2002, "subject to a determination of legality by the OLC." She got it two weeks later from Bybee and John Yoo. Rice, Dick Cheney, John Ashcroft, Alberto Gonzales and George Tenet reassured the CIA in spring 2003 that the abusive methods were legal.

Obama told The Associated Press's Jennifer Loven in the Oval Office: "With respect to those who formulated those legal decisions, I would say that is going to be more of a decision for the Attorney General within the parameters of various laws, and I don't want to prejudge that." If Holder continues to carry out Obama's political agenda by resisting investigations and prosecution, Congress can, and should, authorize the appointment of a special independent prosecutor to do what the law requires.

The president must fulfill his constitutional duty to ensure that the laws are faithfully executed. Obama said that "nothing will be gained by spending our time and energy laying blame for the past." He is wrong. There is more to gain from upholding the rule of law. It will make future leaders think twice before they authorize the cruel, illegal treatment of other human beings."


And then there's this one...

http://www.truthout.org/051509J

WHY THE CAGED BIRD SANG

Friday 15 May 2009
by: William Rivers Pitt, t r u t h o u t Columnist


Former Vice President Dick Cheney has been publicly defending torture. (Photo: AP)

"It's impossible to say to yourself how did we get there? Who are we? Who are these people that sent us there?
- Seymour Hersh


Dick Cheney has been doing a lot of talking lately. From his most recent barrage of public statements, we have gleaned that he loves Rush Limbaugh, doesn't much care for Colin Powell, believes President Obama is about to sell the Sixth Fleet to the Taliban for pennies on the dollar and thinks torture is a nifty and effective tool that saves lives and defends freedom. Really, this isn't anything we haven't heard before from our growly, snarly, face-blasting former vice president. But it does beg the question: What the hell is he up to? NPR's Ron Elving posited the question in a Wednesday article titled "

What is Dick Cheney Trying to Accomplish?"

"The man whom many consider the most powerful veep in history had already been far more vocal and visible than most of his predecessors in retirement," wrote Elving. "This week in particular, the former No. 2 has been out there almost daily, doing talk shows and giving a formal address to the American Enterprise Institute on the importance of interrogation techniques widely considered to be torture. Along the way, he is also unburdening himself of opinions on everything else, from tax policy to the fate of the GOP to the choice of a commanding general in Afghanistan. Once known for his reticence and low profile, the man from Wyoming is suddenly his party's most prominent national figure and audible voice. He is having his catharsis, and having it abundantly."

As for his motives, Elving states his belief that Cheney's sudden whirlwind tour of every television, radio and newspaper in America has a three-pronged purpose: 1) He is a genuine, dyed-in-the-wool, neocon, true believer, who insists on defending the use of torture because he believes it actually works; 2) He is defending the legacy of the administration he basically ran single-handedly for eight years; and 3) He is now liberated from the constraints of White House PR concerns and can speak as freely as he likes.

Mr. Cheney is not the only one who has been out in the public eye defending the practices of the former administration. His daughter, Liz Cheney, went off like an old barrel of TNT on the cable news shows, going so far as to invoke 9/11 (like father, like daughter) and accuse Obama of supporting terrorism for even considering the release of photographic evidence of the American use of torture against detainees. "I have heard from families of service members, from families of 9/11 victims," she said, "when did it become so fashionable for us to side with the terrorists?"
The Cheney clan is not known for their restraint when it comes to launching a verbal carpet-bombing campaign, but even for them, this is flame-thrower language. Ron Elving's explanation is almost certainly accurate, but only to a point. His analysis leaves off the one central and defining motive behind Cheney's thunderous defense of himself and the activities of his administration.

He was scared, I think.
He was scared the real stuff is going to come out.
He was scared of the universal damnation that will come down upon him if the truth comes out.
Finally, I believe he was scared of going to prison.

But why? The American public has been aware of our use of torture for some time now. The Obama administration has made it all too clear that they have strong reservations about prosecuting the architects of the Bush administration's torture policy, and that any meaningful actions along those lines are highly unlikely to be taken.
Why, then?

It is because Cheney knew, when he began his media assault, that the worst of the horrors inflicted upon detainees at his specific command are not yet widely known. If the real stuff comes into full public light, he feared the general outrage will be so furious and all-encompassing that the Obama administration will have no choice but to reverse itself and seek prosecutions of those Bush-era officials who specifically demanded those barbaric acts be inflicted upon prisoners.

This is not about waterboarding, as gruesome as that practice is. It is not about putting prisoners in confined spaces, or about pushing them, or slapping them, or putting bugs on them or demeaning them and their religious faith.

It is about

this, from July of 2004:
After Donald Rumsfeld testified on the Hill about Abu Ghraib in May, there was talk of more photos and video in the Pentagon's custody more horrific than anything made public so far. "If these are released to the public, obviously it's going to make matters worse," Rumsfeld said. Since then, The Washington Post has disclosed some new details and images of abuse at the prison. But if Seymour Hersh is right, it all gets much worse. Hersh gave a speech last week to the ACLU making the charge that children were sodomized in front of women in the prison, and the Pentagon has tape of it.


Hersh: "Debating about it, ummm ... Some of the worst things that happened you don't know about, okay? Videos, um, there are women there. Some of you may have read that they were passing letters out, communications out to their men. This is at Abu Ghraib ... The women were passing messages out saying 'Please come and kill me, because of what's happened' and basically what happened is that those women who were arrested with young boys, children in cases that have been recorded. The boys were sodomized with the cameras rolling. And the worst above all of that is the soundtrack of the boys shrieking that your government has. They are in total terror. It's going to come out."

[Seymour Myron Hersh (born April 8, 1937) is a United States Pulitzer Prize winning investigative journalist and author based in Washington, D.C. He is a regular contributor to The New Yorker magazine on military and security matters.

His work first gained worldwide recognition in 1969 for exposing the My Lai Massacre and its cover-up during the Vietnam War, for which he received the 1970 Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting. His 2004 reports on the US military's mistreatment of detainees at Abu Ghraib prison gained much attention.]

Dick Cheney wanted everyone talking about waterboarding, close confinement, and all the rest of the torture techniques outlined in the recently-released "Torture Memos." Talking about waterboarding is still safe territory for him and everyone else who served his cruel intentions in the Bush administration. They're taking some heat, sure, but the story has been out there for a while and he's not wearing prison stripes yet.

I know why this caged bird sang. He was terrified of the very real cage that could be waiting to swing open and swallow him up if the true nature of his torture directives became widely known. If the entire country comprehends the awful fact that women and boys were forcibly raped upon his specific orders, Dick Cheney's bets would all be off.

That was then, however, and this is now. Dick Cheney is breathing a little easier today, and why shouldn't he? President Obama appears to have pretty much let Cheney, along with all the other enables of torture, off the hook.

"President Obama is seeking to block the release of photographs depicting American military personnel abusing captives in Iraq and Afghanistan, an administration official said Wednesday," reports The New York Times. "The president's decision marks a sharp reversal from a decision made last month by the Pentagon, which reached a deal with the American Civil Liberties Union to release photographs showing incidents at Abu Ghraib and a half-dozen other prisons. 'Last week, the president met with his legal team and told them that he did not feel comfortable with the release of the D.O.D. photos because he believes their release would endanger our troops,' said the official, speaking on condition of anonymity. 'And because he believes that the national security implications of such a release have not been fully presented to the court.'"
To me, this means two things.

The pictures are really, really, really bad, just as Sy Hersh said they would be.

There will be no punishment, no justice, for acts of barbarous torture undertaken at the specific behest of men like Dick Cheney. The Obama administration has chosen the easier path, chosen to ignore the manifest harm done to this nation and the world by refusing to seek that necessary justice.

The caged bird sang to stay out of a cage. Now he's free as a bird, and ours is a badly damaged and disgraced country because of it."

William Rivers Pitt is a New York Times and internationally bestselling author of two books: "War on Iraq: What Team Bush Doesn't Want You to Know" and "The Greatest Sedition Is Silence." His newest book, "House of Ill Repute: Reflections on War, Lies, and America's Ravaged Reputation," is now available from PoliPointPress.

Ok folks, let's stop and think about this. We've already seen that the reasons for the Iraq War were fabricated

http://downingstreetmemo.com/ .

That waging aggressive warfare is a violation of the Nuremberg Principles, established after World War II to establish what are war crimes, to try and prevent aggressive warfare from ever being waged again.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Principles

That torture violates U.S. and international law, and has been proven to generate more harm than good, since the victim will say anything to stop it. So now, the criminals that fabricated a war that destroyed an entire country, broke the law continually, torturing people to try and forge a link justifying the illegal war they started. This is no different than what was occurring in Stalinist Russia in the 1920s-1950s. We so far, just don't have violent political repression to maintain those in power. There hasn't been a need, since most of the American public are blinded by our consumerist culture.

Is this why the news media soft-pedals this?

Perhaps if we refresh our history a little, some light can be shed on this perplexing problem. The population of indigenous people in what is now the U.S. and Canada in 1492 has been estimated at between 2 million and 12 million. By 1892, their population was down to 237,000. Continued expansions, broken treaties, and occasional massacres brought the genocide of indigenous people throughout the Americas. Because they were different, and in the way. And Christian America's destiny was to rule the continent, and serve as the "shining light on the hill", bringing freedom, free-enterprise, and democracy for all. What do we call that? American Exceptionalism. You still find that mind-set, most markedly in the Republican Party, but even among the Democrats. Behind it are darker motives, greed mainly, of the Military Industrial Complex, Fossil Fuel Industries, etc... Add in politicians only interested in maintaining their power and privileges, and you end up with the perpetuation of actions and policies not much different than what was seen 150 years ago.

If the Obama administration were to conduct a full and open reckoning and investigation of the actions of the U.S. government since 2001, it would shine a light on past occurrences of similar natures. And show that the empire we live in, while seemingly benevolent to those of us living here, has been responsible for the deaths and impoverishment of millions of people World-wide over the past 150 years, not even counting the indigenous people of the continent.

Don't think though that we here at A.P.R. view the U.S. as an inherently evil, or dangerous country. We all know that the bulk of the population would be aghast if they truly knew and understood what has been happening, in our names, in our lifetimes. And, the principles enshrined in the Declaration of Independence, and U.S. Constitution are truly enlightened, but unfortunately, never fully practiced. It is in the nature of all big countries, to have expanded at the expense of other groups of people and countries.

Look at how China violently annexed Tibet, in 1959. Russia forcibly took and converted Siberia over the past 500 years, persecuting many of the tribal people there, who have similar cultures to the indigenous people here. Brazil violently repressed their indigenous populations over the centuries, and was the last major country to outlaw slavery, in 1888!

If we as a people in this country, wish to be viewed as we are, basically honest, caring and concerned (most of us anyway), and if we are to prevent things like this from occurring again, then there must be unrelenting pressure to force criminal investigations and trials of people like Richard Cheney, our ex-Vice President. Who were responsible for fabricating a war killing over a million people, and then responsible for torturing people to justify it. Are we a nation of laws that apply to all, or only to those not rich or powerful?

Sunday, May 10, 2009

THE KESUGI RIDGE EXPERIENCE

One of my favorite fast-packing places is the Kesugi Ridge Trail, in Denali State Park. It is about 200 miles southwest of Fairbanks, on the east side of the Parks highway, south of Cantwell, heading toward Talkeetna and the Matanuska-Susitna valleys.

It is a 27.3 mile trail that quickly ascends at either end, 1500 to 2500 feet above the Chulitna River valley. You therefore remain above tree-line (which is only at 2500 ft. msl) most of the time, in an open expansive tundra setting, with far-reaching views of the Alaska Range and Denali on the west side, and if you climb to the top of Kesugi Ridge, or go through the two bi-secting drainages of it, to the east the vast Talkeetna mountains. Both roadless and unpopulated.

A strange thing happened on 03 July, 2007 when I did a fast-pack there. That one did quite pan out as expected. Which is why I have no pictures from that trip. I've only told a few people about it, and in a somewhat edited, abbreviated form. So I felt it would be good to tell the whole story, exactly as it happened in my experience. I call it my near-death experience number 4 (NDE#4), as I have had five, in the past 19 years.

My first was the 2/28/1990 Mt. Hood alpine ski incident, whereby I flew off a ledge on a sheet-ice snow-day, hit a tree in mid-air, and ended up 40 ft. below in a grove of mountain hemlocks. To be found two hours later by some other skiers at the end of the day who decided to investigate after hearing a slight moaning sound. My only memory is waking up on the ski patrol backboard, then the long ambulance ride back to Portland, reconstructive surgery to pull out my dented face, involving metal plates around my left eye, etc.. Number two was a rafting incident on the Clark Fork river in the Alberton Gorge, near Missoula, MT five months later. A Univ. of MT outdoor program raft trip went awry when the novice rafters in my boat stopped paddling as we neared a huge standing wave, and we all were thrown into the 50 deg. F rapids for half an hour, before others could pull us out quite a ways downriver. I certainly would not be here were it not for the life jacket. As it was, we had no helmets, or dry suits, just shorts/t-shirts/sandals. Number three was a motorcycle incident in Missoula in April, 1992, where I had to drop my Honda CB700SC Nighthawk and run, as a car driving in reverse almost over-ran me. It almost hit me on foot! A panicked visiting Chinese professor who sideswiped a car on the other side of the street jammed it in reverse, not thinking. Number four, you'll read about shortly. Number five was 28 January, 2008, when my beautiful adopted sled dog Kiana was killed by a hit/run speeding large truck, when we were running on Chena Ridge Road, about two miles from the A.P.R. Research Centre. She got away from me briefly, when Mattie pulled me, and out into the traffic lane. The brown/beige mid 1990s extra-cab Ford 4WD truck must have been going 70+ mph, went right through her, killing her instantly. It brushed my shoulder, I had just gotten out of the way in time. The truck never slowed or stopped. It had to have seen us, I was wearing bright reflective red, and Kiana had alot of white on her. I had adopted Kiana from the Fairbanks pound in August, 2007. She had no name, was injured, and very aggressive with other dogs when I found her. But in a few months of focused attention, she became a sweet and loyal companion.

So, back to my 2007 Kesugi Ridge fast-pack. I did get some nice pictures on the Kesugi Ridge trail when I first hiked there in August 2006, on the way to run my annual Whitehorse, Yukon marathon. I drove there with my two amazing canid companions, at the time, to do just an easy 3-day/2 night pack trip, since I was in the tapering mode of my marathon training, the week before the run.

This was Nimbus, a kind and gentle soul living in the body of a Wolf/Mackenzie River Husky mix. When I adopted him from the Fairbanks pound in May, 2006, he was wary and exceedingly scared of men. He had been physically abused, it was clear. All that was said was that he had been turned in for "not working out" as a sled dog. He wouldn't eat food from my hand unless I threw it to him, and then looked away, for the first few weeks. It took about two months to fully domesticate and bond with him. But when we did, he brought great joy to me and my other, older sled dog, Frost, a classic Alaskan racing husky, a veteran of seven years on a recreational team, many of which were as the lead. She sometimes ran over 100 miles a day at 12 mph along the frozen rivers and trails.

Nimbus was amazingly timid and gentle. He loved to run, and with his amazing size, presence, and plume of a tail, was a breathtaking sight. When we ran, even on the warmest of days, up to 20 miles, he never would stop for water! I tried to encourage him, but he just didn't want to! When smaller dogs would rush us from driveways on our neighborhood runs, he always would run away, instead of shredding them! He never barked in or around the house, he just squeaked when he wanted something. I never had to worry about him harming anything. And Frost really liked him.


They both really loved that trip, Nimbus even had to howl a few times to show his approval.










Because it was such a beautiful place. The first day of that trip, we had to hike in the rain to set up camp at the base of Indian Mountain, about five steep, switchbacked miles up from the Little Coal Creek trailhead, the northern end of the Ridge trail. But the next morning, opening the tent, Denali came into view as skies cleared.







We spent the day hiking about 8 miles south from camp, then up and around different parts of the ridge, enjoying the open tundra expanse and sweeping views, before going back to our camp. No bear worries up high either, the salmon were running down on the lower streams and rivers, keeping them happy down there.


After the previous cold, wet day, relaxing in the warm early August sun was a treat. That area south of the crest of the Alaska Range (which is about 40 miles north) is very wet, frontal systems from the Gulf of Alaska are not blocked much as they push inland and ascend there, squeezing out often days of rain and fog in late summer and early fall.

After our three days of therapy there, we drove to Whitehorse, via Valdez, as none of us had ever been there. That was quite beautiful.

It was Nimbus' last multi-day wilderness outing. He died at the age of three in November, 2006, in a freak accident. He at least had six good months in his short life, and brought great happiness to us overall, in spite of some occasionally difficult moments.
Frost succumbed to cancer in May, 2007, at the age of 12, after a month-long fight. She was a true, loyal, and devoted companion for the three years after I adopted her at the age of nine. With a quiet, poised, and timid presence, which belied her great athleticism.

For the first time in many years, I was dogless in the spring and summer of 2007, before adopting Kiana. It was strange, and I knew that couldn't last, though it was easier, just being able to take off and go anwhere, at any time, with no worries.

In late June of 2007, I was dispatched to forecast weather on the Caribou Hills fire, on the Kenai Peninsula, south of Anchorage. Inland from the little town of Ninilchik, the fire burned 55,300 acres and a few houses, but mostly on the first three days after it's start, by a man sharpening tools outside his cabin. By the time I got there 8 days later, the weather had turned cool and cloudy, and the fire behavior was low, and suppression was quick. But I had ten beautiful days there, the suppression team worked out of the Ninilchik Jr./Sr. High School, on the bluff above Cook inlet. This was our view out the back, looking toward Mt. Redoubt. I sure didn't mind camping out on top of that bluff, falling asleep to the sound of the waves 100 ft. below. And late evening treasure-combing on the beach.

But I had wanted to do one my fast-packs on the Kesugi Ridge trail that summer, it was going to be right on my way home, as I headed back from the fire, perfect. I would hike/run the 27.3 miles of trail in 6-7 hours I reckoned, then ride my mountain bike, stashed earlier at Byer's Lake, the southern trail terminus, back to my car at the Little Coal Creek trailhead. About seventeen miles. Nothing I wasn't used to, or really expected to be out of ordinary experience.

I checked the weather the last full day I was at Ninilchik, July 1st, before packing up my gear that night for the drive home early the next day. The numerical forecast models all indicated that the surface thermal low, the axis of greatest instability, where thunderstorms tend to form, would be north of the crest of the Alaska Range, over the interior, which is most common in summer.
When I got to the Little Coal Creek trailhead at 1030 am on the morning of 03 July, 2007, it was foggy and sprinkling, and I decided to wait and see if it would dry out and clear up. By noon the fog was lifting, and I decided to get on my way. I was wearing shorts, and a long polypro top, that was it, because it was about 50 degrees. I didn't have a whole lot of food to bring, one lunch meal and two cliff bars, and I had another stashed in my bike bag, at Byers Lake, for the two hour ride back. I also had just two 1/2 litre bottles of water and a Rock Star energy drink (I don't really like those, but occasionally will have one only on a long day's outing, running/hiking, biking, or skiing). I was in my running shoes, with my metal trekking poles for stability. My pack only weighed then about 14-15 lbs. At the last minute, I threw my best wind/water proof Mountain Hardwear shell in my pack, a very wise decision. I really thought I could do more running than walking, so that I could do the trail in 6-7 hours, and two hours on the bike, making for a 8-9 hour day.

The first four miles up from Little Coal Creek are steep and switchbacked, so I walked those, into the fog. When I got up to where the trail tops out and starts to parallel the ridge on it's southwesterly course to Byers Lake, the fog lifted into a low stratus deck, and I could see more. I thought, great, with low stratus, the atmosphere will be stable, shouldn't run into any heavy weather. And, the first 13 miles or so, it just stayed cloudy, with the ceiling gradually lifting. I ran a little, but there were alot of rocky sections, so I ended mostly just walking at a brisk pace. I had lunch about 4 hours in, around mile 13.

There are two drainages slicing the ridge you have to walk down and up through, the second one is steeper and has very tall grass and saplings all around. Prime bear country, and you could not see far ahead of you. So I made alot of noise there. By the time I came back up onto the tundra from the second drainage, the sky behind me was very dark, and I heard rumbles of thunder. I was 16 miles in, going back was not an option, the storms movement was to the south, toward me. In fact, the sky was very dark, with a slight greenish tinge. That was very alarming, as that means deep convection, with hail, and lots of lightning.

I started to get a little panicked, as there is no shelter above tree-line. My options were to go down the ridge, and then bushwack through the thick spruce/alder forest to the Parks Highway, or keep going. I kept going. At mile 18, by the side of one of the many tiny lakes around the trail, I ran into a woman I used to know when I was in the Chena Goldstream Fire/Rescue a few years before, she was a medic, while I was a firefighter/medic. Her name was Heike, she is German. At this point it was raining lightly, the wind was picking up, and thunder was fairly frequent.
I stopped to chat with her. She had rigged up a little tarp shelter with some rocks and line, and was getting in to her sleeping bag, to get out of the weather. She was on a 3-day hike of the trail. When I told her my plans, her response was "you're crazy". Because the weather was really closing in now, the lightning was much more frequent. I slammed down my Rock Star energy drink and the last Cliff Bar. She didn't have room for me in her shelter, and I just wanted to keep going anyway. I didn't see Heike again for many months. When we finally met up, she said she was terrified she'd find my dead body on the trail the next day!

About a half-hour after leaving her, the storm closed in, with heavy rain, small hail, and a strong tail wind, maybe 40 mph. But the worst was the frequent lightning, all around and above. I saw many ground strikes within a mile. I thought of ditching my metal poles, but I needed those for stability, so as not to roll my ankle in my short running shoes, on the rough, rocky trail. At this point, my adrenaline kicked in. I had my shell on, hood down, so my head and torso were warm and dry, but my hands and legs were freezing, it was probably about 40F. I was in full panic mode. Lightning strikes were occurring all around me, so I just kept moving as fast as I could. I didn't run though, as it was quite rocky, and I didn't want to stumble and injure myself.
After about 30 minutes of this, probably around mile 19-20, the lightning was essentially continuous, with ground strikes very nearby. You can see in the above pictures, how exposed it is. This is where something happened, which I'm still trying to get a grasp of.

I decided I was going to die. I knew it. There was nothing I could do. I'll never forget that feeling of release though, I just let go, and instantly I was transformed, I lost the panic feeling. I think I was still moving, but I don't remember. All I remember after this was communicating with my maternal Grandmother who passed away in 1996, and with my Aunt Rita, who was a great influence on me as a child. She passed away in 2002. I also saw my canid companions Coyote, Nahanni, Nimbus, and Frost, who had passed away between 2003 and the previous May. It felt like I was in a different place, and I don't know how much time passed, or if I was still moving. Many people who have had near-death experiences have reported being in a tunnel, heading toward a bright light, or something along those lines. I do seem to remember feeling and seeing like I was moving toward some light, and I could sense the presence of my ancestors and dogs there waiting for me. And I told them I was coming over. I lost all sense of what was going on in the physical world.

I think about an hour later, I just came to, for lack of a better description. That's when I can remember what was happening on the trail again. The lightning was fading out, but it was still raining and windy. My legs and hands were freezing, I was hungry, andthirsty, as I didn't bring enough water. And, I was still on my feet, hiking briskly down the trail.

I finally reached the section of trail that drops down to Byer's Lake about 8 hours in, at mile 24. I had never been on this section. What I didn't realize is that it had been cut up a cliff face, essentially, so was very steep and rocky, with hazardous drop-offs. Since the rocks were wet and slippery, it took me 90 minutes to descend that face, as I had to take a step, stop, test the footing, take a step, etc.. The rain let up briefly the last two miles through the woods to Byers Lake. But when I got back to my bike, in the parking lot, 10 hours after my start, tired, hungry, thirsty, and slightly manic from the panic and strange experience, the rain started up again, harder than ever! At this point, I actually asked a couple people in the campground if I could get a ride back to my car, since I was tired, cold, sore from the adrenaline, and hungry/thirsty. They turned me down, even after I offered to pay! I think they were loaded, there was lots of beer around. So, I got on the bike, and headed up the Parks Highway, in the rain. I did have a cliff bar in the bike bag, so I wolfed that down, but had no water to go with it.

The ride back 17 miles to my car took two hours. Level the first 8 or so, three uphill miles, then some downhill, and finally uphill the last couple to the Little Coal Creek trailhead. The rain finally stopped about ten miles in on my ride, which lifted my spirits a little. When I finally reached my car at 1230 am, I was pretty tired, but very sore, hungry, and thirsty. I changed into dry clothes, drank about a gallon of water, and loaded up for the four hour drive home.

When I started my drive back, my hands were shaking, and it finally sank in, I was alive and had made it. But in very bad shape. I had deep gashes on both of my hips from my pack. In my panic state, I just didn't take notice that was happening, and adjust the straps. Those took weeks to heal, and my clothes stuck to them once, which was very painful. My knees were very sore from the cliff face descent, and I think the adrenaline must have done something, as my whole body felt off, sore in a way, which I had never felt before. I almost wonder if I had not had some electrical charge run through me, from a nearby ground-strike, the way my body felt, but I had no burns anywhere.

I stopped at a little pizza joint near Denali NP, which was still open, all they could give me was a sandwich, the kitchen was closed. But it was the best one I've ever had. I also had a beer, to calm my shaking hands. I told the people there my story, and they were interested, and congratulated me for making it. The rest of the way back home, as my favorite Thievery Corporation CDs were playing, I spent wondering, what had happened? I got home at 400 am, and fell right into bed, getting up at 1 pm. I had to work at 3pm that day, the 4th of July.

I really do feel as though I had crossed-over, into the "Mundo Otro" (other World), the place we end up when we let go our physical body, or at night, in our dreams. So, I have no fear of death, not that I am looking forward to it either though! It also made me realize how fortunate I am, to live in a place like Alaska, with an interesting career, and friends and family that I deeply care about. And that I should do something to make a difference in this World. Which gradually led to my decision to start the A.P.R., and provide information which we hope will make a difference to help bring about a more sane, just, and sustainable society, in this country, and the World at large. To also show that there are many progressive, caring, globally-oriented people in Alaska, not just Sarah and Todd Palins! There's alot of work to be done!

I didn't feel right for several months after this incident, my knees were sore for weeks, my running was off, I had to quit our Sept. Equinox marathon at mile 22 from hip pain. I visited an accupuncturist, Paula Kunkle, who is very well thought-of in the local holistic health community, and very hard to get in to see. This was about three days after the experience. I told her what happened. She said I was "not all there". That part of me had actually left, to the Next World, and that she needed to ground me, and bring that back. Which involved several sessions of needling :), which I think did help.

Finally, I want to leave you with this image.

It is the daily lightning ground-strike accumulation from 03 July, 2007. It turned out to be the heaviest day of the year! And, well south of where the models forecast, south of the crest of the Alaska range. Which is highly unusual. Note the strikes, even over Denali, that is very unusual. The vast expanse of ice and snow on and well around it usually serves to keep the atmosphere more stable in that vicinity, since it is colder at the surface there.

Since I hadn't planned to do this outing when I had left for the Caribou Hills fire, two weeks before, I didn't have as much gear with me. Now, when I do a summer fast-pack, I always bring my bivvy sack for emergency shelter (a small tent-like affair that fits just a sleeping bag and pad with a little headroom), +15F down sleeping bag (only weighs 1.8 lbs), hat, gloves, and pants, if I will be in shorts. And more food/water. If I think there could be thunderstorms, I wait for another day. Cheers.

Saturday, May 2, 2009

THE YEAR WITHOUT A SPRING?

Greetings folks, from what seems like a warm summer day, here in Fairbanks, Alaska, 65 degrees of latitude, north of the Equator. Before we get started describing some interesting events occurring in this corner of the World, give this article a read, that I came across a few weeks ago in the truthout.org news-site.

TOWARD CLIMATE GEOENGINEERING?

Saturday 18 April 2009
by: Andrew Glikson, t r u t h o u t Perspective
President Obama's science adviser, John Holdren, said in his first interview this week that, "global warming is so dire, the Obama administration is discussing radical technologies to cool Earth's air." (Photo: AP)

Preamble: That global climate change has reached an impasse whereby the "powers-to-be" are entertaining climate geoengineering mitigation, instead of the urgent deep reduction of carbon emissions required by science, represents the ultimate moral bankruptcy of institutions and a failure of democracy.

With global atmospheric CO2 levels rising at about 2 ppm/year toward 388 ppm, or near-440 ppm CO2-e (including methane effects), John Holdren, in his first interview since being appointed as President Obama's new science adviser, revealed in an interview with The Associated Press (April 8, 2009) "global warming is so dire, the Obama administration is discussing radical technologies to cool Earth's air," which "as an experimental measure would only be used as a last resort - It's got to be looked at - We don't have the luxury of taking any approach off the table - One such extreme option includes shooting pollution particles into the upper atmosphere to reflect the sun's rays. Holdren compared the way humanity is facing dangerous climate change to passengers in a car with bad brakes heading toward a cliff in a fog, saying, "The sensible passengers will certainly say: 'Let's put on the brakes, even if we don't know it will save us. It may be too late. We don't know exactly where the cliff is.... Let's get on with it.'"

Holdren is not alone in considering geoengineering. The National Academy of Science is also looking at the subject in its new multidiscipline climate challenges program. The American Meteorological Society is preparing a statement on geoengineering, stating "it is prudent to consider geoengineering's potential, to understand its limits and to avoid rash deployment." The British parliament has discussed the idea.
Climate geoengineering ideas fall into at least four principal categories:

1) increased reflectivity (albedo) of the atmosphere, injecting sulphur dioxide (suggested by Paul Crutzen, the Nobel Prize winner atmospheric chemist), or alumina particles, or even installing reflectors in space. The effects of sulphur injections would simulate volcanic events, such as of Pinatubo (1991) or Tambora (1816), which resulted in cooling of the Earth's surface by about 0.5 degrees. At best, albedo enhancement represents a short-term Band Aid solution to the fundamental greenhouse problem, and will not be able to prevent ocean acidification.

(2) Increased sequestration of CO2 in the oceans, enhancing algal blooms and phytoplankton photosynthesis through fertilization with iron filings, or constructing vertical pipe systems designed to enhance oceanic circulation and CO2 intake from the atmosphere.

(3) Biochar burial and soil enrichment. Combustion of plant waste under low oxygen conditions and burial as charcoal, removing carbon from atmospheric circulation and enhancing plant growth and photosynthesis, as well as soil enrichment. A major controversy erupted with objections to Biochar by George Monbiot, involving James Lovelock and James Hansen

(4) Chemical sequestration involving combination of CO2 with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) installed in pipe systems ("Sodium trees"), followed by separation and burial of CO2, costing at about $300 a ton in US dollars. A back-of-an-envelope calculation suggests the reduction of atmospheric CO2 by 50 ppm would cost about $10 trillion to $15 trillion in US dollars, (although mass production may lessen the cost, as well as contribute to employment). That's less than 10 times the global military expenditure in 2007.

Increasingly, a "technological fix" may look attractive to Obama and possibly the EU (and Rudd?), in view of at least three major obstacles to CPRS and ETS schemes:

First, due to the cumulative nature of atmospheric CO2, neither 5/15 percent nor 25/40 percent emission reduction by 2020 relative to 2000 would be able to prevent runaway climate change. This is because CO2 levels, now at 387 ppm and rising by 2 ppm/year, will exceed 400 ppm by 2020, well into the high danger zone. Assuming CO2 emissions are reduced by even 40 percent relative to 2000, it would keep rising by a minimum of 1.2 ppm/year, reaching levels near or above 450 ppm by 2050, and this is without even accounting for the effects of methane, likely reduced CO2 intake by the oceans and increase in positive feedbacks from the biosphere. At 450 ppm, with lag effects, polar ice sheets undergo advanced melting, with consequent major sea level rise. It is not clear how many of the submissions made to the Australian Senate Inquiry into the CPRS take account of this factor.

Second, it is a good question whether even such feeble CPRS attempts would not be squashed by the all-powerful fossil fuel lobby, currently supporting a massive, well-funded disinformation campaign, including claims as if the Earth is "cooling", accusing scientists and environmentalists of "environmental thuggery", including threats such as by Republican Rep. Michelle Bachmann ("I want people in Minnesota armed and dangerous on this issue of the energy tax because we need to fight back. Thomas Jefferson told us, 'Having a revolution every now and then is a good thing,' and the people - we the people - are going to have to fight back hard if we're not going to lose our country. And I think this has the potential of changing the dynamic of freedom forever in the United States." She added, "The science is on our side on this one".

Third, The preoccupation of suburbia international with economic issues. Until people fully understand the implications of runaway climate change, government actions are likely to be restricted within the context of the virtual reality of economic boom-bust bubbles, where greed and fear obscure the physical realities of the environment and of agricultural food production, a consequence of over 60 years of commercial propaganda rendering populations victims of ruthless vested interests at the expense of future generations.

The Wilkins ice shelf collapse is but the latest symptom of fast-melting polar ice. Last year was the first during which the huge (13,680 square kilometers) shelf, which bridges the West Antarctic peninsula with the Charcot and Latady islands, developed fractures during mid-winter. Now advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) images acquired on April 2, 2009, by the European Earth Observation (ESA's) Envisat satellite confirm the ice shelf is collapsing into thousands of ice bergs, removing the barrier for the flow of continental glaciers into the ocean.

Climate geoengineering is fiercely feared and resisted by many scientists and environmentalists, due to the collateral damage and side effects, and because it would take pressure off the carbon polluters. Moreover, that the powers-to-be reached an impasse with CPRS schemes suggests to many a moral bankruptcy of institutions and a failure of democracy. It is likely that only a combination of deep urgent cuts in carbon emissions, coupled with major investments in fast-tracked development of a wide range of effective carbon dioxide draw-down methods, may be capable of making the difference.
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Dr. Andrew Glikson is an Earth and paleoclimate scientist at the Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.

Now, I don't know about you, but we at A.P.R. find this highly disturbing, for a number of reasons. First, our most qualified scientists are essentially saying that there is no hope of reducing CO2 and methane emissions, so more drastic options must be considered. Second, large-scale efforts like these to produce artificial cooling, will still not solve the other problems that increasing CO2 concentrations produce, like oceanic acidification (which could decimate many life-forms in the oceans) and changes in plant growth/response. In addition, even if some of these cooling efforts could work, what unforeseen consequences would they have?

Why do you think the scientific community has basically given up hope that the countries of the World can restrict CO2 and methane emissions enough to prevent an additional 2C or more of global temperature increase? Well, they probably recognize, as we here at A.P.R. do, that the fossil fuel and transportation industries, as well as other related ones, are so powerful, and entrenched in the political systems of most countries, that they will never easily give up their source of profit. Not without immense political and social pressure anyway, very little of which has been seen, in any of the major industrialized nations, and especially the U.S.
Your lead editor was 14 in 1978. I remember very specifically seeing a program on XETV-6 (tv stations in San Diego, if their transmitters were in Mexico, had call-signs beginning with X) then about hydrogen transportation. I have always been interested in alternative energy and technological developments. So, on this program, 31 YEARS AGO, some researchers at a major university had taken a big fat 1977 Chrysler Cordoba, and easily converted it to run on hydrogen gas. A regular gasoline-fueled car, straight from a dealership. All that was done was to put a different storage tank and fuel line in, to the carburetor. The new fuel tank was interesting, it contained a honeycomb of what were called "lithium metal hydrides", which soaked up the gas, and when heated, released it. So, to fill the tank, hydrogen gas was pumped in, and after filling, to run the car, part of the tank was heated, the gas was released, and traveled to the engine. Hydrogen, isn't that explosive? Well, part of the demonstration of this car involved shooting a white-hot tracer bullet into the hydrogen tank. What happened? A little flame, the size of a cigarette lighter's, came out. Most of the gas remained tied up in the metal-hydride honeycomb.

Then, the researchers described in glowing detail, how hydrogen could be produced by splitting water electrically, with electricity generated from renewable resources, like solar plants, or wind farms. Then, a national distribution hydrogen pipeline network could be developed, so that it would be available everywhere, for transportation fueling. Hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines would emit just water vapor as exhaust, which would eventually "rain-out" in the hydrologic cycle. And since the hydrogen came from water originally, is a renewable resource. Of course, if all engines in a large city ran on it, alot of water vapor would be emitted, and higher humidities, and maybe even more clouds and precipitation could result. What would that do to the climate of Los Angeles? Interesting to speculate.

So, what happened? Why don't we have this? Well, I think it would be safe to say that the oil companies were not going to let something like that occur in the 1970s or 1980s, much less today! How much do you think it would cost to develop a national hydrogen fueling system network, and renewable-energy powered hydrogen generation plants? Hint, it would be a tiny fraction of the several trillion dollars being handed over by our government to the criminally greedy financial industry, to prevent them from having to face the consequences of their actions over the past 15-20 years.

Something interesting has been happening here in Alaska for the past several days.

PUBLIC INFORMATION STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE FAIRBANKS AK
143 AM AKDT SAT MAY 2 2009
...ANOTHER RECORD WARM DAY AT FAIRBANKS...
YESTERDAY WAS THE 3RD DAY IN A ROW WITH RECORD HIGH TEMPERATURES AT THE FAIRBANKS INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT. THE HIGH TEMPERATURE OF 76 DEGREES BROKE THE PREVIOUS RECORD OF 75 DEGREES WHICH WAS SET IN 1960. IT WAS ALSO THE 3RD DAY IN A ROW WITH A HIGH TEMPERATURE ABOVE 70 DEGREES. IT IS THE FIRST TIME SINCE 1905 WITH 3 CONSECUTIVE DAYS WITH A HIGH TEMPERATURE ABOVE 70 DEGREES SO EARLY IN THE SEASON.ON AVERAGE...THE FIRST 70 DEGREE DAY IN FAIRBANKS IS NOT OBSERVED UNTIL MAY 22ND. TODAY WILL BE ANOTHER VERY WARM DAY...BUT RECORD HIGHS ARE NOT EXPECTED. THE RECORD HIGH FOR TODAY OF 78 DEGREES WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1995. TEMPERATURES BY EARLY NEXT WEEK ARE EXPECTED TO RETURN TO MORE SEASONABLE LEVELS. AVERAGE HIGH TEMPERATURES DURING THE FIRST WEEK OR MAY ARE IN THE LOW-MID 50S WITH LOWS NEAR FREEZING. $$ CB




A huge upper-level ridge in the jet stream built in over Northwest Canada and Alaska.

You can see it in the above graphic, the 500 millibar analysis. This is a standard parameter meteorologists assess, the height at which the pressure equals 500 millibars, a pressure unit. This is a function of temperature, the colder the airmass, the lower this height is. The height of the 500 mb pressure level is usually around 18,000 feet, so the jet stream is depicted with these charts. The value of 5760 meters, in the center of the ridge, is exceedingly high, the average value over Alaska in late April is usually around 5460 meters, so this is a very warm airmass. And, some years, we may only see this once in the summer, for just a few days, not in April! The above infrared satellite image shows the widespread clearing and dry weather over Alaska and NW Canada with this ridge. The darker black areas are the warmer low-elevation areas with temperatures in the 60s and 70s, 20F or more above average for this time of year.


So what are some of the effects we've been seeing with this amazingly fast warm-up around our area? If you look closely at this birch tree, to the right, near our Chena Ridge Research Centre, it is just beginning to leaf out, or "green-up". I first noticed the buds swelling yesterday, so in only two days, these trees are greening up, which usually doesn't happen until the middle of May.


The view from atop Chena Ridge, near our headquarters, looking down on the large Tanana River, shows an interesting development. First, the


river is already flowing, just a week ago, the ice cover was fairly solid. And, you can see an ice jam there, backing up the water behind, and flooding the banks. This has been happening over the past several days. The rapid warmup has sent snowmelt runoff rapidly into the streams and rivers, lifting and breaking up the ice, which then in certain areas, forms jams, followed by flooding. Another reason we are so glad to have our research centre 500 feet above the valley!

Although, it's not directly related to the warm-up (unless they were trying to escape the valley heat), just before Mattie and I were going to go for our standard 10 mile neighbourhood run today, we had to wait a few minutes. A cow moose and her two yearlings were on the slope above our driveway. I like seeing and interacting with them, and so didn't want to have to chase them away. Mattie of course, at first, wanted to charge out and drive them away, but I held her back. We went out the front door and just watched for about ten minutes.



These cow moose are huge, Mama must have been 8 feet tall, while the calves were easily 6-7 feet tall, but much thinner/lighter.



They just shuffled around, eating grass, and the tender buds on the birch and balsam-poplar trees.

I said hello to them, and with Mattie at my side, kept watching them. I've never had any problems with any of my moose encounters over the years, while running, skiing, or hiking. I always speak soothingly to them, and ask permission to pass.

However, there was one time an adverse incident occurred. One of my friends, who shall remain confidential, was skiing with me on the UAF trails in Dec. 2007. I really like this individual, he's alot of fun, but not at this time. Because when a large cow moose was blocking the top of a hill on the ski trail, he yelled at her! She charged us! We both had to dive off the side of the trail with our skis on, and could have been seriously injured. You never yell at a moose!


Anyway, after about ten minutes, mother and kids ambled across the driveway, and down into the trees, and then Mattie and I began our run in the warm summery 75F sun. She had to thrash around in three puddles on our 90 minute run to stay cool, since she still has her winter coat.


Another thing striking about this warm-up, is how quickly things dried out. This is a trail at the base of Chena Ridge today that we run on in summer. Just one week ago it was covered in 15-20 inches of snow, and was still skiable. The leaf litter and grass in the sunny, south and west-facing slopes, were already dry enough to burn! This does not bode well for the 2009 fire season! However, our weather in Alaska varies so much from month to month, and season to season, that there really is no way of predicting how severe a fire season will be in advance here. If we get well-spaced rains in June and July, which we have the last few years, then large fire growth is hindered.

So, this begs the question, is this strong high pressure ridge and warm-up with record-breaking warmth due to global warming? Well, you can't really say that one specific incident is, since climate is the average of long-term weather, but these kind of events certainly are increasing in frequency, and strength, and will continue to. Here, and in many other areas. Something the poor people in Victoria, Australia, found out on Black Saturday, this past February, the subject of our "Warning Lights are Flashing" post. Cheers.

Tuesday, April 21, 2009

FREEDOM OF THE HILLS [and] GOOD NEIGHBOUR?






"Mountaineering - The Freedom of the Hills" is the climbers bible. First written in 1960, it covers all the aspects of the sport, from the proper knots to use for roping up, to weather, camping, and food. We here at A.P.R. are about 1/3 of the way through it, hung up right now in the knot section. Besides just reading about it, we need to get out in our local mountains and spend time refreshing our skills, while enjoying the scenery. We only had one day though for a trip into the Alaska Range. My friend Matthew Klick, who is a serious mountaineer, and all-around athlete, told me he had summitted Mt. Silvertip, about 9400 ft., a few weeks ago. It is in the half of the Alaska Range east of Denali National Park. The drive there takes about 2 1/2 hours, 90 min. east to Delta Junction, then an hour south on the beautiful Richardson Highway, which parallels the Delta River as it drains these awesome peaks. The view of Mt. Hayes, above, at 13,832 ft., is always inspiring, as it glistens in it's permanent coat of snow and ice. Even on the hottest of summer days, the free-air freezing levels rarely reach this high, and new snow falls above 8000 feet every month. Matt told me to summit Silvertip, you have to go up the somewhat steep and narrow gulch that Michael's creek is in, (above) to a windswept high valley, backed by a headwall. Then you have to climb the headwall, drop behind it and cross part of Jarvis Glacier, then climb Silvertip. But it is all non-technical, no anchors are needed, and you just need crampons, ice axe, and helmet, and know how to self-arrest with your axe.

This is a picture looking back to Silvertip, from the other side of the Delta River, in April, 2006. When my friend Jeff Gordon and I skied along the river, and into a drainage on the other side, before having to come back in a ground blizzard. But you can see, in the lower right, the canyon Michael's creek is in, with the valley and headwall behind.







We reached the spot where Michael's creek crosses the highway at about 0930, and I put on my metal-edged backcountry classic skis. Above is about a half-mile in, but looking back, the gulch is very narrow and pretty steep. Matt's tracks were still visible, it had not snowed since he was up there, two weeks before. Which was a good thing, as the avalanche potential should therefore be lower, as temperatures had warmed, and in the spring sun, unstable cornices and slabs should have already come down.
Mattie just couldn't get enough of those steep sidewalls, she was up and down them on both sides constantly. Unfortunately, I forgot my climbing skins for my skis, in my rush to get out of the house earlier. For those not in the know, these are felt-like adhesive-backed strips you strap on to the bottom of your skis. They give you strong traction for steep uphill striding, but allow you to glide down, albeit much more slowly than without them. But, without them, in that narrow, icy gulch, I quickly decided it would be treacherous on skis, so ditched them about a half-mile in, and just cramponed up, and took hold of the ice axe. It was somewhat breezy, even at the start, a north wind about 20 mph was blowing in the Delta River canyon, which the highway cuts through, and that wind was funneling up the gulch. About a mile up, we came to the first of three snow slides/avalanches that had come across the gulch. This one happened before Matt's trek, his tracks were visible on it, a good sign for us. This is looking up at an angle toward its source. It was about ten feet thick over the stream, well deep enough for a fatal encounter. I have had some avalanche training over the years in Missoula and Juneau, involving digging snow pits with an expert, as well as reading books, etc.., and am very conscious of the hazards these pose, and the factors that produce them. I knew a very nice man, Rod Sutherland, in Missoula, who I first met at the Univ. of Montana, where he headed the student outdoors program. He died in a small avalanche, much like this one, in the Kootenai Creek canyon, in the Bitterroot mountains, in May, 1997. I hiked in there shortly thereafter, and it was very sad, seeing how small the slide was, and realizing his misfortune to go that way at only 29 years of age. About two miles up, on the north side, we saw this cornice hanging over the steep sidewall. A small slide had already occurred. This is a place not to linger in! With that strong spring sun shining on it, only a matter of time before it drops, and brings much of the snow on the sidewall down with it. We hurried right through there.
About three miles in, we were well above any vegetation, in higher, more exposed terrain around 4000 feet. Being there, with no vegetation in site, surrounded by rock, snow, and ice, with a cold 20F breeze, I thought, cool, we could be in Greenland, or Antarctica, for all we knew. The wind was up to about 25-30 mph, and this was the view back, note the lens-shaped clouds over the high mountains.
These are altocumulus standing lenticular clouds (ACSL for short, in weather-speak). They occur in a stable atmosphere when strong winds ascend up one side of a mountain, or range, cool enough for condensation to occur, then when the air descends and warms on the other side, condensation ends, and the cloud tapers off. Which is why they have the lens shape, and are a sign of strong winds aloft that could pose problems at the surface. This one, above, was over the south sidewall of the canyon, and I wondered what we'd find when we got higher. Well, about an hour later, and just five miles in from the road, at 2500 feet, we reached the windswept valley Matt told us about, at around 5000 feet. The wind was fast and furious, 30-40 mph with stronger gusts, and it was about +15F. More importantly, the top of the headwall was in the clouds, and they were getting a little thicker. We spent about a half-hour here, sizing up the situation, deciding what to do. For some reason, when I tried using my camera for self-portraits, every setting delivered a picture like this, above. Almost like being in another dimension. Which, in a way, we were, in that bare, icy, windswept valley, backed by the cloud-covered headwall. Well, we decided not to make a permanent visit to this other dimension, and turned back. Climbing the headwall, and crossing an unfamiliar glacier while whited out, we reckoned, would do that for us. That was a bit of a bummer, since we were only halfway to our goal, but half the skill of mountaineering, is knowing when to back down, and stay safe. The higher mountains, above 6000 feet in Northwest Canada and Alaska, have some of the potentially deadliest weather of anywhere in the World, all year. Mountains in Norway, which only go up to 8000 feet, and Patagonia which has peaks of 8000-11,500 feet can compare, or the Himalayas above 22,000 feet during the Indian monsoon season. What does that mean? Storm force winds (58 mph or more) and heavy snow possible in every month. And when it's very cold, wind chills on the bottom of the charts (-80 or so).

It's not something we take lightly. On the way back down, the snow and ice covered rocks on the canyon sidewalls were sure beautiful in the sun and shade. I was much more careful on the way down as well. One hazard I was conscious of, was the possibility of punching through snow-bridges covering flowing Michael's creek. There were several I had to cross on the way up and down, under which you could hear the water flowing. Punching straight through several feet onto some rocks could cause serious injury, so we stepped lightly across each one, probing ahead with the ice axe. Fortunately they all held, and I stayed on the sidewalls as much of the time as I could, which was easy, with the crampons on. Six hours after starting up, we came back to my stashed skis. I decided just to carry them, not wanting to get out of control, on that steep, narrow route. Unfortunately, in sunny areas, the snow had turned to ripened spring mush, and I started postholing quite a bit, sometimes at every step. This is when you just fall right through the snow, a foot or more, sometimes it was past my waist. A few times I actually crawled, to spread my weight out more. My knees and hips got pretty sore from just a half-mile of this, so it was a relief when we got back to the car.
But, we were not ready for the day to end, since our summit attempt was weathered out. So, we drove south on the highway 10 miles to Miller Creek. I spied some snow-machine trails lacing up it, and decided to ski in there. It was some of the best skiing I've had all winter! With that bright sun, the mountains all around, and the snow still in good shape, even the 30 mph north wind didn't matter. I skied about five miles up, then the trails ended at the base of the Canwell Glacier, and we turned back. Good stuff. So, after our fun day of hiking, and skiing, we were very energized, and the 2 1/2 hour drive home went by very quickly. This is why we live here! We're going back in there in late June or July, set up base camp in the 5000 ft. valley, and then just climb all around for a few days.

GOOD NEIGHBOUR ?

I came across this article several days ago on the Commondreams.org web-site. This incident occurred at the Summit of the Americas, where heads of state from all the western Hemisphere countries met, except Cuba, which the U.S. has insisted upon excluding, since 1962.

"PORT of SPAIN - Venezeulan President Hugo Chavez has vowed to seek closer ties with the US and is considering taking steps to send an ambassador to Washington after the countries expelled each others' envoys last year.

Book beginnings: President Obama (left) shakes hands with President Chavez and points at his gift copy of Uruguayan historian Eduardo Galeano's book. Photo: AFP

Mr Chavez said he spoke with US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, marking a change from his approach to diplomacy with the administration of George Bush, whom Mr Chavez once likened to the devil.
"I feel great optimism, and the best goodwill to move forward," Mr Chavez said after a meeting between US President Barack Obama and presidents from the Union of South American Nations in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago.
"I have no doubt that there will be, going forward, greater closeness."

Acting State Department spokesman Robert Wood said Mr Chavez had approached Mrs Clinton at the meeting and they discussed returning ambassadors to their respective posts in Caracas and Washington.

"This is a positive development that will help advance US interests, and the State Department will now work to further this shared goal," Mr Wood said.

Venezuela, the fourth-biggest foreign supplier of crude oil to the US, has repeatedly accused Americans of aiding the political opposition to Mr Chavez, a former paratrooper.
In 2002, Mr Chavez charged the Central Intelligence Agency with masterminding a brief coup against him.

Mr Chavez, who last month called Mr Obama an "ignoramus" when it comes to Latin America, gave Mr Obama a copy of Uruguayan historian Eduardo Galeano's book Open Veins of Latin America: Five Centuries of the Pillage of a Continent.

When asked by reporters at the Fifth Summit of the Americas whether he planned to read the book, Mr Obama, who doesn't speak Spanish, joked: "I thought it was one of Chavez's. I was going to give him one of mine."

Mr Chavez regularly accused former president Bush of trying to destabilise his Government, and in a 2006 speech to the United Nations called him "the devil". In September, Mr Chavez expelled US ambassador Patrick Duddy to show solidarity with Bolivia, which had also kicked out its US envoy.

Mr Obama said he recognised that it would take time to improve relations with Latin America, which he said felt neglected by the Bush administration.

Other Latin American critics of the US were less enthusiastic about the nation's new President.
Bolivia's Evo Morales, a former coca grower who has clashed with the US since taking office in 2006, said "policies of conspiracy" had not changed under Mr Obama.

"If there is a real change, a change in economic policy, and if there are relations based on mutual respect, it will be better," Mr Morales said. "We can't go back to the past."

Nicaragua's Daniel Ortega two days ago greeted Mr Obama with a 50-minute speech that included harangues about "Yankee troops" and the 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion. Mr Ortega said Mr Obama wasn't responsible for President John Kennedy's misadventure. "I'm grateful that President Ortega didn't blame me for things that happened when I was three months old," Mr Obama said."

This is great news! And much needed, as the history of the U.S.'s role in Central and South America is a very dismal one indeed. Where to start... Let us just say for now, that on the "Walk of Shame" that I described in an early post, on the Higgins Street Bridge in Missoula, documenting all of the U.S.'s subversions and interventions in other countries since 1900, contained many South American countries. Millions of people have been affected in those countries when our government over the past decades either directly intervened and brought into power repressive, fascist governments, or provided covert support to make that happen. Governments that tortured and murdered sometimes hundreds of thousands of people in each country for being suspected "leftists". Facts not lost to the people in those countries. The worst were Chile (1973), Argentina (1965-1985), and all the Central American countries (1914-1932, 1952-1992). The politicians who supported these policies, some Democrats included, knew what those governments would and were doing to their people, and so in our view, are just as guilty of murder as the actual torturers. Politicians like Henry Kissinger (who would be arrested if he were to travel to Spain!). Retired USMC Brigadier General Smedley Butler, in his amazing 1930 expose, "War is a Racket" (which should be standard reading for everyone), documented many Central American interventions in the 1910s, which he was a part of.

But there was a time, when FDR was in power, when relations were temporarily better with Latin America, and it was known as the "Good Neighbor Policy".

"Main Impacts of Good Neighbor Policy
Boom in hemispheric trade and accompanying economic recovery.
End to U.S. military interventions and occupations; no more U.S. Marines dying in Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Cuba, or Nicaragua.
Hemispheric unity behind the United States and against the Axis powers.
Dramatic decline in the demeaning stereotyping of Latinos by the U.S. government,
media, and entertainment industry."

http://ggn.irc-online.org/neighbor/99.html

Now that more left-leaning governments have freely and fairly been elected into power throughout the region in the past ten years (in fact, the only real right-wing countries left now are Mexico and Colombia), there is no going back. Led by Brazil, Venezuela, and Bolivia, regional economic, military, and energy production ties are increasing in Central and South America. It would be very beneficial for the U.S., and those countries, if it supported those efforts. So, it is imperative that this country ceases meddling in the affairs of others in support of corporate profits and the old European oligarchies who still cling to their wealth gained at the expense of the indigenous populations in their countries. After all, it was a documented consortium of mult-national corporations who pushed the Nixon administration to support the fascists in Chile, before their 1973 coup, as well as during and after it (see my "Is It 9/11 Already?" post).

What would we think, if some European countries, or Russia, or China, were supporting the Republican party, or any other, forcing an undemocratic system on us. Well, that is what has happened from Mexico south from the U.S. government. It would be good if those days are over.
Cheers.

Tuesday, April 14, 2009

STAGE ONE [and] EAT THAT VIEW!


It seems like a summiting of North America's highest point, Denali, 20,320 feet (6195 m) will be in the works for your lead author, sometime in the next few years. Our good friend Erik Hursh has been drifting toward mountaineering lately, and we here at A.P.R. are getting caught up in his enthusiasm and are already in the planning stages for a climb. I don't know if any canids have made the ascent, but I know your intrepid assistant editor Mattie would love to join us, and if it is allowed, she'll be there.

The first stage for such an undertaking is safe glacier travel, part of which entails being able to haul oneself or another member of a climbing party to safety, in the event of a crevasse fall.

Although we've undertaken some limited glacier excursions in the past, there's no substitute for expert instruction to keep mountain/glacier travel as safe as possible. To this end, Erik learned about the Alaska Mountaineering School, and the courses they offer, a few months ago (http://www.climbalaska.org/), and we signed up for the April 11/12 Glacier Travel and Crevasse Rescue course, offered on the Matanuska glacier, 80 miles east of Anchorage, in the Chugach Range. Based in the groovy climbing/tourist mecca of Talkeetna, AMS has been around for over 30 years, and is a top-notch operation, providing all manner of mountaineering courses and guided expeditions.

Erik and I rented a cabin fri. at Majestic Mountain Lodge, a beautiful resort 15 miles east of the glacier, with ski trails around the valley, surrounded by sharp, icy peaks. I went for a nice skate ski, and Eric a run, that evening. Saturday morning, we showed up at 0800 for our course, at the glacier parking area. This is what the AMS web-site has to say about this course:(http://climbalaska.org/wshop-glacier.html)

"The first morning is spent teaching basic knots, wearing a harness, using crampons, self-arrest position, placing ice screws, and building anchors. After a lunch, we practice rope coiling, belaying, and stacking for glacier travel. Students break into rope teams and practice traveling and route finding skills. Next we move into simulated crevasse fall scenarios from simple assistance to raising systems, all on flat terrain.

The morning of the second day is spent at a cliff lowering "victims" over the edge so they can practice fixed-line ascension while the rescuers set up hauling systems. The afternoon is spent roping up for glacier travel in 2, 3, and 4 person teams and incorporating extras such as sleds. The exact itinerary will depend on conditions and instructor preference."

The Matanuska glacier is one of the few in Alaska that is not in fast recession. Because it has a very high source region, over 12,000 feet, unlike many of the others in the state. It has retreated back about a half-mile in the past 30 years, and thinned at the edge somewhat, but hasn't retreated nearly as much as many of the lower-elevation source glaciers, like the Mendenhall near Juneau, or Portage, east of Girdwood. Here is a summer picture I took of it in August, 2006.

There was still plenty of snow around this past sat., when we arrived just before 0800. It was plenty chilly as well, about 18 deg. with a stiff breeze. We stayed quite cool the first two hours as we met our instructors, the other students, and then had some basic glaciology. Knot tying began by 0900, and doing that for over an hour with gloves off, made for some cold hands. I had learned many of these knots years ago when I was a firefighter/medic at Chena Goldstream Fire-Rescue in my Chena Ridge neighborhood, but had forgotten them in the years since. The prussik, figure 8 on a bight, figure 8 follow-through, double fishermans, and munter, were among the ones we practiced that morning. The prussik is especially valuable, it allows you to attach a short section of rope attached to your body, to the main climbing rope. When you put a load on it, it tightens up and prevents movement. But if it is loosened, you can slide it up and down the main rope. So it is used for ascending and descending on the main rope, in case you fall into a crevasse.

After our knot-tying, we headed in toward the glacier. A short way in, a picnic table marks the point where untrained/ungeared people are urged not to continue. There we put on our crampons, helmets, and ice axes, and walked in just about a half-mile further over the glacier to a small frozen lake. On the way in, our instructors gave us basic crampon instruction, how to step efficiently without tearing up our pants, and self-arrest procedure. This is if you start sliding or falling down a slope or into a crevasse. You must fall/slide onto your shoulder, and dig the ice axe in to the ice, and hopefully come to a stop.


We spent the rest of the first day at this area, learning about anchoring procedures, and then how to rope up in teams of three or four, for glacier travel. The jumbled forms of seracs behind us provided for interesting scenery. Seracs are large chunks of ice that fall off the edge of the glacier as it moves. Great danger exists near these, but we stayed well back. Many lives have been lost on glaciers world-wide, in the icefall areas on their terminus, from seracs falling.












We had three instructors, Nick, a 25-30 yr. old student at AK Pacific Univ. in Anchorage, who has been guiding/instructing for 2 years, Melis, a really sweet 30 yr. old or so woman from Talkeetna, who has over 10 years experience (with many Denali summits), and Greg, about my age, who lives in McCarthy and has many years of guiding/instructing experience with AMS and in the Wrangell mountains.

Here Nick is showing us how to make a three-point anchor in the ice. First you make two V-threads, holes bored in the ice with an ice screw, in which rope is threaded through. An ice anchor makes for the third point at the top. This anchor is made to attach the climbing rope to, in case a crevasse rescue is necessary. The two or three on the rope team not in the crevasse need to anchor the climbing rope to the mountain, so they can detach, check on the victim, and begin preparing to haul them in.

The end of the first day, we roped up in teams of three or four, and headed out, back to the parking area. The heaviest members of the team are put in the middle, with lighter ones in front (meaning I'm almost always up front!) or in back. This is because the front person is usually the one to fall in to a crevasse, so the heaviest person right behind should be able to arrest their fall without any additional aid. Then the person behind them can begin making an anchor to transfer the weight of the victim to the mountain/glacier.



We all had a great time our first day, and the sun came out in the afternoon, making for beautiful scenery.

Quick, what is this? Modern art in downtown Anchorage? The Arctic Ocean from space? No, just a frozen puddle at the glacier's terminus last sunday morning. Interesting how something so mundane can be surprisingly interesting/beautiful.




Easter Sunday, the second day of our course, dawned sunny, and a little warmer, with no wind. Beautiful. We started the day roping up in our teams, then heading in to near the same area as the day before. Then we set up three point anchors in an ice slope, and threw the rope over a 25 ft. ice ledge. Here is where we practiced our ascending/descending on the main rope, as if we had to haul ourselves up from a crevasse fall (assuming we were not injured).




To ascend/descend, a rope foot-prussik is used on one of our legs, and a mechanical ascending tool is used in one of our hands. The foot-prussik is just a short section of 6.5mm cord with a loop for your foot, attached to the climbing rope by a prussik knot. When you put your weight down, the prussik knot tightens around the main rope and you can step up. Then you can slide the ascender in your hand up the rope. Then, you can lift your leg up, loosen the prussik, slide it up, then step back down, etc... Thus, you ascend up the rope. It goes surprisingly fast. It only seemed like a minute or so for me as I zipped up the rope on the ice ledge. Descending is just the opposite procedure.

Here we all are having a go on the rope ascending and descending. Erik is just to the right of me, heading up.



Another anchoring technique we learned was to use pickets in snow. Pickets are t-shaped aluminum bars in different lengths, ours were 18". You anchor these in to snow either vertically (if it is deep enough) or horizontally, with rope attached. If the snow is packed down enough, they can be surprisingly strong, and able to take the load off the rope team so the crevasse victim can be hauled up. The snow in our area wasn't very deep or hard, so it was a test trying to get that done. The last thing we did Sunday afternoon before roping up for the walk out, was practicing an actual crevasse fall rescue scenario. First Melis, Nick, and Greg did one for us, then we split up into teams, and did it ourselves.

A pack attached to a climbing rope, to simulate a victim, was thrown over the ice ledge, with two or three people behind. Then, the closest person to the edge had to arrest the fall, while the person(s) behind had to make sure the one ahead was holding, while they detached, and built an anchor (though we built the anchors first, to make things faster/simpler). Once the anchor was in, the person near the edge arresting the fall could slowly detach, and then the team could rig up the line with a pulley for added mechanical advantage, to aid in hauling in the victim. That was fun, learning all those steps, and there's alot to it, many different knots and attachment procedures, etc.. Something that definitely needs to be practiced.

After we all went through these scenarios, we roped back up for our trip back. Once we got back to the parking area, we returned all the gear we borrowed, filled out course evaluations, and thanked our instructors. They were all very supportive and professional, and we came away with valuable knowledge, that will make for safe, and efficient glacial travel, as we journey through our vast alpine areas here in Alaska.

What is stage two? http://climbalaska.org/mtc-12day.html That will be our 12-day AMS mountaineering course, which Erik and I will take next year. This will teach us all the essentials for safe and effective mountaineering, which we'll use in stage three, the actual Denali ascent. When will that be? Well, if not 2010, certainly 2011. We want to do it ourselves, with a few others, and not have to spend many thousands of dollars for guides. We'll need to build up some more mountaineering experience first. If any of you out there are interested in joining us, let us know!

EAT THAT VIEW!
I came across the above article a few weeks ago, about the organic vegetable garden Michelle Obama is developing, on part of the White House Lawn. Of course, it is from an English paper, not the U.S. You all know how we here at A.P.R. feel about the U.S. mass media. Enough said.
What an interesting development, and what great symbolism. You would never have seen anything like this in a Republican administration. Let's roll back the years a little. I am old enough to remember when Jimmy Carter use to give fireside chats from the White House in the 1970s, in a sweater, urging people to conserve energy. He actually installed solar panels on part of the White House roof. When Reagan came in, those were dismantled, as were many governmental research programs and funding for alternative energy. Nothing of the nature of Carter's or Ms. Obama's undertakings occurred at the White House from 1981 until this year.
Planting the Seeds of a Revolution
by Ellen Goodman

"You have to admit that this gives new meaning to the idea of a "shovel-ready project." There are now 1,100 square feet on the South Lawn of the White House being transformed into a kitchen garden. If Americans follow the first family's lead, the seed pack will become the new stimulus package. At least we'll have something to do with those pitchforks after the AIG bonus babies surrender their money.

I tip my hat to the first lady since my own rookie season in the green league opened when my daughter was Sasha's age. It began with a lust for real tomatoes and a horror that she would grow up thinking cucumbers sprung full grown, cellophane wrapped and adorned with stickers from the supermarket womb.

I soon discovered that having a garden is like having a pet. (Obamas beware!) You start out dreaming about puppies and you end up wielding a pooper scooper. You start out planning for snap peas and you end up pulling weeds. You also get hooked.
The image of Michelle Obama surrounded by fifth-graders digging into the White House dirt gave heart to locavores everywhere.

The idea of an edible landscape was fertilized by left coast chef Alice Waters and food guru Michael Pollan. But it was Roger Doiron, a modest Zone 6 gardener - my kind of guy - and head of Kitchen Gardeners International who began a lettuce-roots campaign last year to "Eat the View" at 1600 Pennsylvania Ave.
Now spring has sprung and we have the first mom getting her hands dirty in the attempt to get children to eat their vegetables.
But there is something else about the incredible edible project that also makes me do a fist bump. The Obamas aren't just eating the view, they are eating the lawn.
What Michelle and the kids and the crew did the other day was to drive a shovel right into the heart of that American icon: the lawn. They literally took the most pampered lawn in America, dumped it in the wheel barrel, and carted it away. All that was missing was a chorus of "This lawn is your lawn."

Is it possible that along with local, organic food, the First Garden can promote the thoroughly subversive idea that this symbol has seen its day?

I am not the only one who looks at lawns - including my own - as a populist enemy. The low grassy surface has its roots in the English aristocracy, among folks who had so much food and land they didn't have to farm it, they only had to display it.

Today, lawns cover 40 million acres, making them the largest agricultural sector in America. They consume 270 billion gallons of water a week, or enough for 81 million acres of organic vegetables. They suck up $40 billion a year on seed, sod, and chemicals, leading one historian to compare them to "a nationwide chemical experiment with homeowners as the guinea pigs."
We mow the lawn, we fertilize it, we pesticize it, we water it, for the absurd purpose of keeping this useless patch in a deliberate state of arrested development.

"It's actually devouring resources and polluting and happening in the most visible parts of our community - the vacant land between the house and the street," says Fritz Haeg, creator of the Edible Estates project, whose goal is to begin replacing the domestic front lawn with what he calls "full frontal gardening."

This may be a fertile time for change. During the housing bubble, people thought of their homes as an ATM or a transient way station. If we settle into a view of home as a place we nurture ourselves, we may have a grass-roots anti-grass movement.

I don't want to get carried away. The last White House occupants to eat the lawn were Woodrow Wilson's sheep. As a gardener, I begin every new term with high hopes and end up with tomato hornworms, a creature that makes the Very Hungry Caterpillar look anorexic.

Moreover, the White House garden is likely to produce a bumper crop of metaphors.
I can imagine the first Fox News report on the cost of each leaf of spinach. I can imagine when Miriam's Soup Kitchen begs the Obamas to stop sending over zucchini - HELP! Or the first time one of their cultivated bees stings a foreign leader.

But then again, the First Gardeners are in the first 100 days. We never did promise them a rose garden."
© 2009 The Boston Globe
Just the fact that the White House garden is organic sends a powerful message. That they want what's best for their children, and that they know organic produce is. As well that to grow one's own food, even if it's just a small portion, is rewarding on many levels. While A.P.R. is in much despair lately, over the control that the Wall Street criminals are exerting over the Obama adminstration's economic and foreign policy, we revel in this small, symbolic development.
In fact, with the dire state of the economy, we recommend that everyone "Eats Their View", i.e., digs up that environmentally disastrous lawn, the effluents of which are helping to create dead zones in the Gulf of Mexico and other offshore areas. Replace it with an organic garden, just the work involved in the fresh air will be good for you, not to mention the fruits of your labor.
We here at A.P.R. decided never to have a lawn when we moved in to our new Chena Ridge research centre in March, 2006, and instead have planted dozens of fruit and ornamental trees, and raspberries. This year, we are putting in a raised bed garden, probably about a 15 ft. by 25 ft. or so box, with added topsoil. We can't get too fancy in our planting, the moose will eat tender tasty things like carrots, radishes, spinach, etc... But potatoes, onions, and whatever else we can plant that they will leave us will be in (we know they love pumpkins, so those are out). And with the economy still heading into the dump, any moves toward self-suffiency can't be a bad thing.
I remember fondly my maternal grandmother on their farm on Cooper Mountain, above Beaverton, Oregon. She and my grandfather raised 13 children on their 53 acres of fruit orchards, and grew all their own food. She used a wood-burning kitchen cook-stove until the day they left the farm in 1975. That kitchen was so hot on those long summer days while her and the older kids canned and put up food for the coming winter. Will we have to go back to that? Can we? Certainly living more like that would be good for all of us. Cheers.

Monday, March 30, 2009

FINALLY IN...TO THE WILD

"When I go don't cry for me
In my fathers arms I'll be
The wounds this world left on my soul
Will all be healed and I'll be whole

Sun and moon will be replaced
With the light of Jesus' face
And I will not be ashamed
For my savior knows my name

It don't matter where you bury me
I'll be home and I'll be free
It don't matter where I lay
All my tears be washed away

Gold and silver blind the eye
Temporary riches lie
Come and eat from heaven's store
Come and drink and thirst no more
So weep not for me my friend
When my time below does end
For my life belongs to him
Who will raise the dead again

It don't matter where you bury me
I'll be home and I'll be free
It don't matter where I lay
All my tears be washed away"

The above are the lyrics from my favorite Emmylou Harris song, All My Tears, and a very moving one it is, guaranteed to moisten the eyes of most. This is on her Wrecking Ball album, from 1995. It was this song that went through my head yesterday when I finally reached the bus on the Stampede Trail and saw the plaque left by Christopher McCandless's family.

I had made three previous attempts to reach "The Bus" in the past year, after seeing the movie, and it's reminder of when I read John Krakauer's story of Chris McCandless interesting and tragic journey, Into the Wild, many years ago. As I mentioned before, Chris's story and fate resonates strongly with many people who live in places like Alaska, or the West, who are attracted to wilderness, and upset by many aspects of our modern society. Which is what kept driving me to get in and see this place.

My first attempt was in March last year, when my Valdez friend Erik Hursh and I had the wrong GPS coordinates, and forgot that the bus was right on the Stampede trail. We spent several hours looking up and around the Savage River, miles from it's real location (we got bogus coordinates from a Google Earth image, thanks to some prankster!), wallowing in deep snow in the trees. By the time we finished our 28 mile ski that day, we were worn out. Erik is amazing though, one of those people who have innate athletic capabilities. When we first met two years ago, and started running together, within a few weeks he was faster than me on our long runs, with very little training beforehand. He ran a 3:40 Equinox marathon in 2007 with very little training, which was incredible. With more focused training, I can foresee him being one of the faster runners and skiers in Fairbanks, when he is able to move back from Valdez. So it is always a pleasure when we can do a long run or ski together, we push each other.

My second attempt was a month later, when I started in on skis in mid-April. Unfortunately, though it was about +15F with great snow in the morning, it warmed up to near +45F by mid-day, and the snow turned to slop. My kick wax on my classic skis just couldn't get a grip in that stuff, so I had to turn back ten miles in (the bus is about 21 miles in from the end of Stampede Road). It ended up taking me twice as long to get back, slipping up all the inclines.

Attempt number three was last September, the subject of my "Halfway In To The Wild" post. I was going to do one of my fast-packs, hiking/running with a light pack, hoping to make a long day of the 40 mile journey (it's shorter in summer, you can park further down Stampede Road) on foot. But it had been quite rainy in late August and early September, so the trail was mostly underwater. Then, ten miles in, the Teklanika River was raging, at least four feet deep with huge standing waves, no one or nothing was going to get across that. And, Mattie almost got swept away in a little side stream of it. We turned back.

This time Erik and I planned to do it when we figured there would be good snow (there was), warmer weather, and a long day. We met at the end of Stampede Road, where plowing ends, at 0830, and hit the trail at 0900. Unfortunately, a moderate chinook wind was blowing. This is when south flow aloft moves over/through the Alaska Range, into the interior, bringing warmer air. But the wind funnels through the gaps/canyons of the Range, and can be quite strong. You can see some drifts on the trail right behind me here, this is just as we got started. The wind was a good 20-40 mph in exposed locations. It wasn't too cold, about +25F, which helped out greatly, due to an unforeseen incident at mile 13 of our 42 mile day.
Unfortunately, I had chosen to try out some new, short, lightweight, classic racing skis, which I plan to train on next ski season. I was told by Dave Lokken, the knowledgeable salesman at our sports store, that he takes his out sometimes in the back-country, so I thought I would, thinking their lighter weight and design for fast movement would make the trip go faster. With the wind though, the trail on the first 13 miles in had drifted over in many areas. This was tough going, breaking trail with these short skinny skis. Worse yet though, these skis are very unstable on an uneven surface, especially on a fast downhill without tracks, so I fell many times during the day, spraining a wrist, and aggravating some old foot, knee, and hand injuries.

The day was going well, in spite of the conditions, and my falls, Erik and I were having a great time chatting and enjoying the scenery, and of course, our co-editor Mattie couldn't have been happier, being free to romp, roll, and roam to her heart's delight. But, at mile 13, we had to skirt some overflow ice, from a small stream (overflow is when still-flowing water under ice-covered streams/rivers sometimes is forced up and over the ice). I took off my skis, since they aren't metal-edged for grip on ice, and plunged in up past my knee in icy water. Crap, this was not good, 13 miles in, on a 42 mile day. Fortunately, since it wasn't bitter cold, we decided it best to see if I could dry out enough to keep going. Had it been below zero, we would have had to return immediately. But, between some extra clothes and socks I had with me, I was able to dry out the boot somewhat, and though my foot stayed damp and cold, frost-bite was not imminent.

After crossing the Teklanika River, ten miles in, Stampede trail winds up a side drainage (where I got wet) for about 3 miles, then out over rolling terrain, the rest of the way. With the ceaseless wind, my wet foot, the painfull falls, and plowing through drifts, I wasn't sure we'd make it by 330 pm, our planned turn-back time.
Finally, at 315 pm, there it was! Mattie reached it first, of course. Some snowmachiners were already there, they had passed us a few miles before (thankfully breaking trail for us!). But they only stayed a little while, then Erik, Mattie, and I were able to check out the bus by ourselves.













Alot of snowmachiners over the years have come out to the bus, as have dog mushers, and a much smaller amount of skiers. With all of these visitors, some of whom haven't been very respectful, the interior of the bus is a mess, full of grafitti (some meaningful though), broken pieces of it, old camping waste and material left behind, and various other detritus. This is looking up to the front of the bus.



Erik is leaning up against the old bed, that Chris used during his stay, and which I sat on for a few minutes, warming up my wet foot. I think people are still sleeping on it, judging by all the refuse around. You can see the plaque on the wall the McCandless family left, on the right-hand side. The barrel stove there would be quite warm, except most of the windows were broken, and so the cool chinook winds were blowing through.

This was my best Chris McCandless imitation, a little eerie in retrospect for me, considering all my near-death experiences I've had over the years, two in the past two years.

We only spent about a half-hour at the bus, we had a long 21 miles back in the wind ahead of us, and it was getting near 4 pm. I was cold from my wet foot, and of course once we stopped moving, we started to chill pretty quickly, with our slightly sweaty layers on. Of course, we had a wind-proof shell on to wear when we stopped moving, but even with those, it got chilly fast.

But, the way back was beautiful, in the late afternoon/early evening sun. This was about 5 pm, a few miles on the way back from the bus. It was pretty windy there on that exposed slope. There she is, Denali in her 6195 meter (20,320 ft.) majesty, crowned by a banner of blowing snow from the mild south flow aloft.








Here is a large area of overflow near the Teklanika river. As you can see, we were able to ski around it. But you can see some actual liquid water over the ice. Terrible footing there!

We had an energy break at 6pm, then our dinner break at 7 pm, when our mileage was up to about 36 miles. Mattie got her extra large dinner with smoked salmon then, since she had probably already covered 70 miles! But during these breaks, with the wind, I got really cold, thanks to my wet foot mainly. So much so, that I was in the first stages of hypothermia, with uncontrollable shivering at the dinner stop. As soon as I finished eating, I told Erik I had to get moving, and took off fast. I warmed up enough to become comfortable and lucid within a mile or so, fortunately.

The last several miles we enjoyed better trail conditions than on the way in, thanks to the snowmachiners. This really helped, since we were somewhat tired, and the chinook winds were still blowing. We turned our headlamps on around 9pm, and finally reached our vehicles at 1030 pm, 13 1/2 hours and 42 miles after our start. It sure felt great to get back to warmth and our creature comforts, but we had an unforgettable day, with some (mis)adventures, and a great workout in a wilderness setting. The moose, caribou, and wolves were all in hiding though, our only wildlife encounters were several snowshoe hare, which Mattie couldn't get near. Mattie surely had to have covered 70 to 80 miles, with all her running around, but she stayed fresh and alert to the very end. Amazing, considering she hadn't had much exercise the previous few weeks, while I was away in the lower 48. It was a somber experience as well, seeing where Chris M. spent his last days, we just wish people would have been a little more respectful there. Cheers.

Friday, March 6, 2009

WARNING LIGHTS ARE FLASHING - Australia, February 2009, What Can We Learn?


Australia is essentially a desert continent, just looking at this satellite image, that is quite apparent. Because it lies in the latitudes between 15 degrees and 39 degrees south of the Equator, the tropics and subtropics. Globally speaking, deserts occur on all the continents in these general latitudes. Why is that? In a nutshell, warm ascending air near the equator, where convection (showers and thunderstorms) is most frequent, moves northward, and then descends at the subtropical latitudes. Air warms at roughly 5.5 degrees F per 1000 feet as it descends, and this also lowers the relative humidity, thus, areas of sinking air tend to be warm and dry. Deserts.

The only areas of Australia that receive more than 15 inches of precipitation are on the coastal margins in the southwest, far northern, and eastern and southeastern portions of the continent. Yet because of the presence of the large, hot, dry desert interior, even these moister continental margins can occasionally experience extreme heat waves when the desert air is pushed east and south by the right weather pattern.

The states of Victoria and New South Wales, in the far southeast, are particularly vulnerable to these extreme heat waves. Because of their latitudes further from the Equator, they normally have a more temperate climate, with average summer high temperatures in the 70s and 80sF. In addition, within 50-100 miles of the coastlines, annual precipitation is enough, 20-40 inches, or more, in the highest terrain, to support varied, dense, closed-canopy forests of mainly different Eucalyptus species.

Eucalyptus species trees have resins and oils in their leaves and wood that makes them burn very intensely. The combination of this, with the high fuel loading that occurs in the moister areas of Victoria and New South Wales, and the occasional extreme summer desert heat-waves, gives these areas the dubious distinction of having the greatest potential fire danger in the entire World.

Because Australia is a large land-mass, the size of the U.S. Lower 48 states, with only 22 million people, and hence, a smaller economy, their governmental operations are more limited than what you might expect. For this reason, over the past several years, meteorologists specialising in fire weather/fire danger forecasting in the U.S., have been requested by the Australian government, to assist with this type of forecasting, in the areas most vulnerable to wildfire, Victoria, New South Wales, South Australia, and Tasmania. They have their own highly qualified specialists in this area, of course, but staffing levels are somewhat limited, and during times of high fire danger/activity, having extra personnel on-hand makes a big difference. Since your lead author has been specialising in fire weather/danger forecasting since 1990, my turn to assist came up this past December, and I spent five weeks forecasting there, in the Sydney office, for the Australian Bureau of Meteorology.

Briefly, how this forecasting works, is that predicted maximum temperatures, minimum relative humidities, and wind speed/direction during the time of the max. temp., for all the different districts of each state (Sydney covers New South Wales, Melbourne covers Victoria, etc..) are entered in a spreadsheet. The computer keeps track of antecedent conditions, through different drought factors, and with these and the forecast for the next day's conditions, a Fire Danger Rating is computed. This is a number with ranges broken into categories, 0-10 is Low, 11-20 Moderate, 21-34 High, 35-49 Very High, and 50 or more, Extreme. If a value of 50 or more is calculated for the next day's Fire Danger Rating, a Fire WeatherWarning is issued, since the Fire Danger will be Extreme. This system is very efficient, works quite well, and accurately reflects the environmental conditions in each district.

When I arrived in Sydney to start my work assignment in mid-December, I was told by the staff there, that a slow season was expected, because it was not an "El-Nino" year, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_nino. And, sure enough, the last two weeks of December (equivalent of course to June in the northern hemisphere), were fairly cool and moist in New South Wales and Victoria. But, during January, short-term warm spells became more frequent and warmer, and I had to issue many Fire Weather Warnings during the first three weeks, when I was working there. My last day in Sydney, 1/24/09, was in fact, extremely hot, 104F or so, with gusty west winds blowing the hot continental desert air from west of the Blue Mountains, east over the city. So hot for me, that my personal warning lights were flashing, i.e., even with only minimal exertion, I was overheating.
By now, I'm sure you all have read or seen broadcast stories about the "bushfires" (the Australian term for wildfires) of February this year in the state of Victoria. The worst natural disaster ever to have befallen the country since it's founding. At least 210 fatalaties, thousands of homes and other structures, and even entire small towns, burned over. In excess of 900,000 acres burned on the two worst days, 07 and 08 February.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Victorian_bushfires

Why did this happen, and what can be learned from this tragedy?

Drought conditions have been widespread in Southeast Australia for more than a decade. This is thought to be one of the manifestations of global warming. Because Australia is predominantly desert, with only small temperate margins on the southern fringes, these fringe areas are highly vulnerable. Climatic warming in summer is manifesting, and will continue to, as an increase of these heat waves in summer, with longer periods between cloudy and cooler weather caused by the passage of low pressure systems in the southern jet stream in the 40-60 degrees south latitude band. So, large areas of the Eucalypt forests have been moisture-stressed for many years.

Added to this then, an exceptional heat wave occurred in late January and February. All-time maximum temperature records were broken in many areas across the states of Victoria and Tasmania during this time, including the in second largest Australian city of Melbourne, which reached 116F (46.4C) on 07 Feb. The period of record there is 154 years.





These graphics show the departure from average of maximum temperatures during the two stages of the heat wave.


27-31 January, and...











the hottest day ever recorded at many sites in Victoria, 07 February.











The image to the right is from the Melbourne doppler weather radar, showing two of the large fire plumes on 07 February. On this day, the largest fire plume extended up to 18 KM, or 59,000 feet! Into the stratosphere. And it generated dozens of lightning strikes, which started more fires. The moisture release from the combustion of the vegetation, combined with the extremely strong updrafts in fire plumes, creates a "pyrocumulus" cloud, over larger fires. These are essentially thunderstorms in the stronger cases, and so may even produce hail and rain, besides lightning.




Radar picks up the ash and rain/hail in the plumes very well, and it proved highly useful to me during our record 2004 fire season here in Alaska.

Following is the lead page from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's weather factors report of the tragedy:

"Victoria experienced extreme fire weather conditions on Saturday 7 February that led to the tragic losses. A region of extremely hot air had persisted over inland South-eastern Australia since the last week of January and had resulted in several temperature records being exceeded.
The presence of a slow-moving high pressure system in the Tasman Sea, combined with an active monsoon trough, provided the conditions for dry hot air of tropical origin to be directed over the southern parts of the continent. On Saturday strong northerly winds, ahead of an approaching cooler south-westerly change, brought this hot air to southern Victoria. The combination of strong and gusty winds, low humidity and record high temperatures led to extreme fire conditions ahead of the change, while the change in wind direction exacerbated the dangers in fire behaviour.

The day was mostly sunny throughout Victoria, although some mid-level cloud did affect the southwest coast. The most extreme weather conditions were observed in the afternoon shortly ahead of the wind change. Maximum temperatures were up to 23 degrees (Celsius!) above the February average, and for many centres it was the hottest day on record. Melbourne city recorded 46.4°C, its highest maximum temperature since records began. Other places in the Port Phillip region recorded even higher temperatures including Avalon, which recorded 47.9°C. Victoria’s highest official recorded temperature on Saturday was 48.8°C (120 F) at Hopetoun in the Mallee region.


Wind gusts to 115 km/h were reported at Mt William and Mt Gellibrand, while gusts over 90 km/h were recorded at a number of sites including Port Fairy, Aireys Inlet, Kilmore Gap, Dunns Hill and Mt Hotham. After the change wind speeds in excess of 50 km/h continued to be observed for some hours."




As mentioned earlier, daily fire danger ratings of 50 are considered extreme. On February 7th, with temperatures of 100-117F, relative humidities of 3-8 %, and winds of 20-40 mph or more, unprecedented values occurred. Fire danger ratings of 120 to 190 were recorded!


This created incredible fire behaviour. This image to the right are the remains of melted car wheels. To melt these aluminum alloy rims took temperatures of 1500F or higher. I saw the same thing when I worked at the South Canyon fire in Colorado in 1994, when 14 firefighters were killed. Ten of them were overtaken by a fire with temperatures like that, and where they fell was marked by the melted remains of their pulaski shovels. Many of the fatalities on 07 February occurred when people in their autos were overtaken on windy, narrow forested roads, by the fast-moving fires. Unimagineably terrifying and horrific occurrences of people being incinerated in their autos while bystanders/rescuers watched, but couldn't make it in time to their rescue, were reported.

What was it like for those who were trapped, or decided to try and save their home? The following is an eyewitness account:

"They warn you it comes fast. But the word fast doesn't come anywhere near describing it. It comes at you like a runaway train. One minute you are preparing, the next you are fighting for your home. Then you are fighting for your life. But it is not minutes that come between. It's more like seconds. The firestorm moves faster than you can think, let alone react.

For 25 years we had lived on our hilltop in St Andrews, in the hills northeast of Melbourne. You prepare like they tell you every summer. You clear. You slash. You prime your fire pump. For 25 years fires were something that you watched in the distance. Until Saturday. We had been watching the massive plume of smoke in the distance from the fire near Kilmore all afternoon; secure in the knowledge it was too far away to pose a danger. Then suddenly there is smoke and flames across the valley, about a kilometre to the northwest, being driven towards you by the wind.

Not too bad, you think. I rush around the side of the house to start the petrol fire pump to begin spraying the house, just in case. When I get there I suddenly see flames rushing towards the house from the west. The tongues of flame are in our front paddock, racing uphill towards us across grass stubble I thought safe because it had been slashed. In the seconds it takes my mind to register the flames, they are into a small stand of trees 50m from the house. Heat and embers drive at me like an open blast furnace. I run to shelter inside, like they tell you, until the fire front passes. Inside are my wife, a 13-year-old girl we care for, and a menagerie of animals "rescued" over the year by our veterinary student daughter. They call it "ember attack". Those words don't do it justice.

It is a fiery hailstorm from hell driving relentlessly at you. The wind and driving embers explore, like claws of a predator, every tiny gap in the house. Embers blow through the cracks around the closed doors and windows. We frantically wipe at them with wet towels. We are fighting for all we own. We still have hope. The house begins to fill with smoke. The smoke alarms start to scream. The smoke gets thicker. I go outside to see if the fire front has passed. One of our two cars under a carport is burning. I rush inside to get keys for the second and reverse it out into an open area in front of the house to save it. That simple move will save our lives. I rush back around the side of the house, where plastic plant pots are in flames. I turn on a garden hose.

Nothing comes out. I look back along its length and see where the flames have melted it. I try to pick up one of the carefully positioned plastic buckets of water I've left around the house. Its metal handle pulls away from the melted sides. I rush back inside the house. The smoke is much thicker. I see flames behind the louvres of a door into a storage room, off the kitchen. I open the door and there is fire burning fiercely. I realise the house is gone. We are now fighting for our lives. We retreat to the last room in the house, at the end of the building furthest from where the firestorm hit. We slam the door, shutting the room off from the rest of the house. The room is quickly filling with smoke. It's black, toxic smoke, different from the super-heated smoke outside. We start coughing and gasping for air. Life is rapidly beginning to narrow to a grim, but inevitable choice. Die from the toxic smoke from inside. Die from the firestorm outside. The room we are in has french windows opening on to the front veranda. Somewhere out of the chaos of thoughts surfaces recent media bushfire training I had done with the CFA. When there's nothing else, a car might save you. I run the 30 or 40 steps to the car through the blast furnace.I wrench open the door to start the engine and turn on the airconditioning, as the CFA tells you, before going back for the others. The key isn't in the ignition. Where in hell did I put it? I rush back to the house. By now the black, toxic smoke is so thick I can barely see the others. We are coughing, gasping, choking. My wife is calling desperately for one of our two small dogs, the gentle, loyal Gizmo, who has fled somewhere in terror to hide. I grope in my wife's handbag for her set of car keys.

The smoke is so thick I can't see far enough to look into the bag.I find them by touch, thanks to a plastic spider key our daughter gave her as a joke. Our lives are saved by a plastic spider. I tell my wife time has run out. We have to get to the car. The choices have narrowed to just one option, just one slim chance to live. Clutching the second of our two small dogs, we run to the car.
I feel the radiant heat burning the back of my hand. The CFA training comes back again. Radiant heat kills. The three of us are inside the car. I turn the key. It starts. We turn on the airconditioning and I reverse a little further away from the burning building. The flames are wrapped around the full fuel tank of the other car and I worry about it exploding. We watch our home - our lives, everything we own - blazing fiercely just metres away. The heat builds. We try to drive down our driveway, but fallen branches block the way. I reverse back towards the house, but my wife warns me sheets of red-hot roofing metal are blowing towards us. I drive back down, pushing the car through the branches. Further down the 400m drive, the flames have passed. But at the bottom, trees are burning. We sit in the open, motor running and air-conditioner turned on full. Behind us our home is aflame. We calmly watch from our hilltop, trapped in the sanctuary of our car, as first the house of one neighbour, then another, then another go up in flames. One takes an agonisingly slow time to go, as the flames take a tenuous grip at one end and work their way slowly along the roof. Another at the bottom of our hill, more than 100 years old and made of imported North American timber, explodes quickly in a plume of dark smoke. All the while the car is being buffeted and battered by a galeforce wind and bombarded by a hail of blackened material. They sound like rocks hitting the car. The house of our nearest neighbour, David, who owns a vineyard, has so far escaped. But a portable office attached to one wall is billowing smoke. I leave the safety of the car and cross the fence. Where is the CFA, he frantically asks. With the CFA's help, perhaps he can save his house. I tell him we had already rung
000, before our own house burnt. Too many fires. Too few tankers. I leave him to his torment.

I walk back towards our own house in a forlorn hope that by some miracle our missing dog may have survived in some unburned corner of the building. Our home, everything we were, is a burning, twisted, blackened jumble. Through a gap in the back brick wall that used to be our bedroom window I see blackened mattress springs. Our missing dog Gizmo, Bobby our grumpy cockatoo, Zena the rescued galah that spoke Greek and imitated my whistle to call the dogs, our free-flying budgie nicknamed Lucky because he escaped a previous bushfire, are all gone. Killed in the inferno that almost claimed us as well. I return to the car and spot the flashing lights of a CFA tanker through the blackened trees across the road. We drive down the freeway, I pull clear more fallen branches and we reach the main road. I walk across the road to the tanker and tell them if they are quick they might help David save his house. I still don't know if they did. We stop at a police checkpoint down the hill. They ask us where we've come from and what's happening up the road. I tell them there's no longer anything up the road. We stop at the local CFA station in St Andrews. Two figures sit hunched, covered by wet towels for their serious burns. More neighbours. We hear that one old friend is missing. A nurse wraps wet towels around superficial burns on my wife's leg and my hand. We drive to my brother's house, which fate had spared, on the other side of town. The thought occurs to me - where do you start when you've lost everything? It doesn't matter. We escaped with our lives. Just. So many others didn't."

Gary Hughes is a senior reporter for The Australian

So, to sum up what happened in February, 2009 in Victoria, ten years of drought conditions, combined with an unprecedented heat wave, led to Australia's worst ever natural disaster, in terms of fatalities.

Unfortunately, climate change researchers using the most powerful computing facilities and most detailed global weather/climate modeling systems, are now saying that heat waves this severe, instead of occurring every few decades, will, within 30 years, be occurring every summer in Australia.


What about closer to home, here in the United States, has anything like this been occurring? Or will it?
The image to the left is a large rotating fire-whirl, on the Indians wildfire in Central California in June, 2008, in the Fort Hunter-Liggett area, inland from the Big Sur coast. This firewhirl took on the characteristics of an F1-scale tornado (wind speeds of 73-112 mph). I was dispatched there last July as part of an investigatory team, to see what occurred/went wrong, because five firefighters in an engine on this road were injured when the firewhirl over-ran them.

Our team of veteran firefighters and researchers conducted extensive ground surveys and interviews of key personnel on the incident.

This image shows how the tornado-like firewhirl not just downed limbs from these large oaks, but pulled and sheared them off directly! Limbs that were 1 to 3 feet in diameter. It was highly fortunate no one was directly in those areas at that time!

This area of California had been in a record-breaking drought that winter/spring; almost no rain fell in March, which is usually the last wet month of their winter-rainfall season. Very little occurred also in April and May (it gets drier there by May normally anyway), such that by June, fire danger indices were at record high levels. This, combined with a weather day when exceedingly dry air aloft was mixed down to the surface under strong high pressure ridging, combined with terrain interactions, led to the extreme fire behaviour, manifesting as a rotating plume, or firewhirl. It was highly fortunate that there were no fatalities.

Many veteran wildfire specialists I have spoken with have told me that they are seeing more intense fire behaviour throughout the western U.S., than say, 20 to 30 years ago. Fires are burning more intensely, and more often, through the night. This is due to the long-term droughts the western U.S. has been experiencing, killing large swaths of forest stands, combined with warmer summer temperatures caused by stronger high pressure systems (which also contain very dry air).

How about here in Alaska?

This chart is a plot of annual average summer temperatures in Fairbanks, on top, combined with the seasonal fire acreages, divided by 100,000. The period of record extends back to 1955. Note how the higher years are occurring more frequently now, in the past 25 years, and the slowly increasing temperature trend. Our record high fire year of 2004, which was also the warmest summer recorded in Fairbanks, was followed in 2005 by the third highest acreage loss.

Before going further, let's take a quick look at what happened here in Alaska during the summer of 2004. The may-august average temperature was 61.2F, about 6F above average. It was also the 2nd driest ever over most of the Alaska interior, the month of August, normally the wettest, was nearly rainless. Extreme drought stress occurred in the boreal forest species, black and white spruce, and birch/aspen/balsam poplar. So much so, that even the deciduous hardwood trees exhibited fire behaviour approaching that of the normally flammable black spruce (referred to by Alaska wildland firefighters as "gasoline on a stick").

When forecasting weather, meteorologists assess temperatures, humidities, and winds at different standard levels of the atmosphere, which are measured twice-daily world-wide by radiosonde balloons. This data is input to the Numerical Weather Prediction models, which model the atmosphere through hundreds of quantitative descriptors of physical processes, using trillions of calculations per second, on supercomputers. These models generate forecast charts out to ten days of various levels in the atmosphere (though only the first 3-5 days of course are usually very accurate). One of these standard levels that is assessed is 850 millibars (mb). The main parameter assessed is the height at which the pressure equals 850 mb, which is a function of temperature. The warmer the airmass, the higher that height is, and the colder, the lower it is. This level is usually around 5000 feet here in Alaska.


This plot, to the left, is of 850 mb temperatures over the past year, measured by radiosonde balloon released from Fairbanks, along with means, records, and standard deviations, for each day. The period of record is from 1948-present. One thing that stands out, is how variable these are. Inter-annual and seasonal variability is very high in the higher latitudes, since any shift in jet stream position or intensity highly affects these regions. The warmest measured 850 mb temperatures over Fairbanks were 20C (68F).

The most active several days during the record-breaking 2004 Alaska fire season were during a northeast-wind event in late June and early July. 850 mb temperatures at this time were around 16C (61F). Remember, this is at 5000 feet. When air is forced to descend, as it does during high-pressure ridging episodes like the northeast wind-event of late June/early July 2004, it warms at 5.5 degrees F per 1000 feet. Thus, if the 61F air at 5000 feet descends to near sea level (much of the Alaska interior is at elevations of only 200-800 feet msl), it would theoretically warm to 88.5F. Factor in solar heating of the ground, and you can add a few degrees. Temperatures weren't quite that warm on those days in 2004, because thick smoke blown out ahead of the fires shaded the region, and kept temperatures 10-15F cooler.


This chart to the left is from the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment. This report was an internationally collaborative study of climate change that has already occurred in the Arctic, combined with climate change modeling depictions of future changes.

Many of the researchers involved work here in Fairbanks at the University of Alaska.

What this is showing, is that by 2050, the average of the different climate change models predicts a 2.5 degrees C or so (4.5 degrees F) average warming over the Arctic region.

What does this mean for interior Alaska? Well, if we currently could experience a 20C temperature at 850 mb during an extreme warm spell/high pressure ridging episode, in 2050, that would likely be 23C, or more, in a similar event. That would translate to lower-elevation temperatures in the mid 90s to low 100s F. In addition, if the average may-august summer temperatures around Fairbanks warm from the current 56 F or so, to 61F, the health of the spruce forests will be compromised. White and black spruce in the Alaska boreal forests shut down their growth when average growing-season temperatures reach 61F, and become vulnerable to insect predation and disease mortality. So, with temperatures in the 90s to low 100s F, and large swaths of dead and dying spruce trees, in another 2004-like drought year, I think it would be safe to say that unprecedented fire behaviour would occur. It's not a matter of if, but when this will occur.

This is what is already what is occurring in Australia. Will we be ready? It seems unlikely, given current political and economic realities, that atmospheric CO2 and methane emissions will be cut back enough to prevent this kind of scenario from occurring in the Western U.S. and Canada, as well as Alaska.

Sunday, March 1, 2009

THE PEOPLES CABINS



One of the favourite things that cross-country skiers in Interior Alaska like to do, is ski in to remote cabins.



About 40-60 miles northeast of Fairbanks, lie the White mountains, a range of hills from 3000-5300 feet, clad mainly in black spruce and birch below the tree-line of 3500 feet. The Bureau of Land Management built a trail system there in 1966, and over the years, a network of cabins, which can be rented for 25.00 a night. These are just your basic dry cabin, with bunk platforms, a woodstove, and some tables to cook and eat on. They work great though, after a cold day spent skiing in or around them, having the snug and warm cabin to retreat to is very welcome. http://www.blm.gov/ak/st/en/prog/sa/white_mtns/cabins.html


This past friday, my friends Eric and Deanne (along with their german shepherd Leroy and sled dog Gracie), and I skied 12 miles from the Elliott Highway, to Eleazar's cabin, while Mattie ran along, thrashing in the snow frequently. When we set out from the trailhead at 3pm, it was clear, and calm, around zero. Not too bad.
It has a great view of the valley below, since it is perched about 300 feet up the hill, on the north side. The trail getting in was in great shape, hard-packed, but not icy, so it just took Mattie and I three hours to get in, and we arrived right at dusk, as you can see. We didn't pass any snowmachiners, or dog mushing teams, surprisingly, since it was a friday.


After Eric and Deanne arrived later, the roaring fire in the woodstove heated the cabin up well past 80 degrees, so we had to open the door a few times.

Relaxing with friends over a few beers after a good ski in these quiet, warm, semi-wilderness cabins can't be beat for a nice weekend retreat.



Friday night and early saturday gusty winds at about 10F, were accompanied by a beautiful coating of 4-5 inches of fresh powder.

Saturday morning Mattie and I hit the trail, while Eric and Deanne decided to hang out at the cabin and relax. It was tough breaking trail in the new powder, so we just went 10 miles up the trail to the next cabin, Borealis-Lefevre. This is about a mile from there, in the background the first of the real craggy, rocky, White mtns. are appearing as the clouds part. It was quite windy, about 10 degrees. We reached the Borealis cabin in three hours, had a quick snack, then headed back the other 10 to Eleazar's. We had a stiff headwind all the way back, so the three hour trip back to our start, seemed longer. Most of the way, from Eleazar's cabin to the Borealis, passes through areas of black spruce that were burned in Alaska's greatest recorded fire year, 2004. Which made me think alot about fire-related issues.


Saturday evening, our friends Jim and Liz showed up, so we had a loud and fun time catching up and playing cards. Five people and three dogs, in our over-heated cabin, made for a great time.
Sunday dawned crystal clear and about 3F, with a stiff west wind. We packed up and hit the trail about 1100, for the twelve mile ski back to the trailhead at mile 28 of the Elliott Highway.






March is my favorite month in Interior Alaska, good snow, longer, warmer days, it just doesn't get any better. It took us four hours to get back, there is much more uphill on the trail back from Eleazar's. When the sun slipped out from the clouds, the newly fallen snow and rime-coated black spruce were quite beautiful.

Mattie couldn't get enough running, jumping, and thrashing around in the snow, heading back. Three days to be completely free! We did have to be careful though, snowmachiners on the way in, while not speeding, came upon us quickly around a curve, Mattie almost got hit. No one's fault, and the snowmachines pack down the trail, so it's good they're there as well. Unbroken trail is very arduous and slow.





In summer, I'm not much of a fan of black spruce. Frankly, I think they're ugly, and they indicate areas of permafrost and poor drainage, which are swampy and bug-ridden. They are also the main carrier of wild-fire in Interior Alaska, resins in their wood and needles cause them to burn very intensely, quite often in full running crown-fires. But in winter, the picture is different. Put a little coating of white on them, with some good snow to glide past on your skis while admiring them, and you've got a much nicer view.

Seeing all the burned-over areas from 2004 got me to thinking. I picked up a very good working knowledge of the climatology and ecology of southeastern Australia, while I worked there this past December and January, forecasting fire weather/danger, for their Bureau of Meteorology office in Sydney. The tragic fires of three weeks ago in their state of Victoria were heartbreaking, and also, something that needs to be examined. This we will be doing over the next week or two, and so your next A.P.R. post, will examine the greatest natural disaster ever to have befallen Australia (210 confirmed fatalities), why it occurred, and what implications this has for the rest of the planet, since global warming is starting to assert itself more strongly. Cheers.

Saturday, February 14, 2009

WORKERS OF THE WORLD, UNITE!


The title of our latest article comes from the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), an international union seeking to unite working people across the globe to ensure fair and just socio-economic conditions. Though brutally repressed in the first three decades of the 20th century, it was a driving force in the labor struggles in those seminal decades which helped provide us with the basic rights we take for granted now, 40 hour work-week, workmen's compensation, etc.. Rights, which now, more than ever, are in danger of erosion.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World

The history of the labor movement in this country from 1850-1950, and it's importance in developing a more civilized society, is not taught in much depth in our grade schools. I encourage all who have not seen this book, People's History of the United States, written by one of the brightest voices in the progressive movement in the past 50 years, Howard Zinn, to read it and get a more informed picture of how this country has evolved.

http://www.amazon.com/Peoples-History-United-States-Present/dp/0060838655/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1235613236&sr=1-1

The main global news story lately of course is that the economy in this country, and now, throughout much of the World, has entered a pronounced recession, or even a depression, approaching the severity of the great one in the 1930s. The monthly rate of job loss in the U.S. is now higher than ever in recorded history. The factors that created this mess are complex, but stem down to the deregulation of the financial industry beginning under the Reagan Administration in the 1980s, continued by the Bush I, Clinton, and Bush II administrations. Banks, insurance companies, and other large financial institutions were then free to engage in risky operations selling debt-based securities and packages to reap massive short-term profits. Inflation of real-estate values far beyond the ability of all but the most highly-paid workers created an unsustainable "housing bubble" after 2000, which burst in 2008, leaving many of the largest banks and financial institutions in the U.S. and in other countries essentially bankrupt.
Once again, one of A.P.R.'s favorite commentators, Paul Craig Roberts, former Assistant Treasury Secretary during the Reagan administration, sums things up here:

http://counterpunch.org/roberts02242009.html Give this a read, if you are able, we trust his viewpoints here, coming from his background and experience.


It is during times of economic stress that employers can use this as an excuse to slash employement, wages, and benefits, even if they are not imperiled. http://counterpunch.org/lindorff02202009.html. This is certainly occurring now, as the preceding link will show.

So it is more important than ever, that workers in all forms of industry and occupation unionize to stop assaults on the rights and benefits that belong in a civilized society. An extremely critical piece of legislation will be coming up for a vote in the U.S. Congress in the next few months, the Employee Free Choice Act. The following article sums it up nicely.


It Has Many Virtues
A Closer Look at the Employee Free Choice Act

By DAVID MACARAY

By now, most people have heard of the Employee Free Choice Act (EFCA), the bold legislative initiative introduced by the Democrats (Rep. George Miller, D-CA), intended to amend the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) by making it easier and fairer for employees to join a labor union.

Although the measure passed the House by a vote of 241 to 185, in June of 2007, and was approved by a 51-48 vote in the Senate, it failed to get the 60 votes necessary for cloture (which would have made it filibuster-proof), causing it to lie dormant for the remainder of the 110th Congress.

However, it should be noted that President Bush had already promised to veto the legislation, so even with those 60 crucial Senate votes the bill would have emerged stillborn. To have any chance whatever of becoming law, it was clear that the EFCA would require a Democrat in the White House.

During the primaries, both Obama and Clinton loudly sang the praises of the EFCA (as they raked in organized labor’s contributions) and promised, if elected, to fight for its passage. But because there have been signs that President Obama is hedging on that promise, it remains to be seen how hard he and his Congress-savvy chief of staff Rahm Emanuel will push for it. On one side, they have moderate Democrats terrified of provoking the Republicans; on the other, they have an aroused AFL-CIO applying pressure.

If enacted, EFCA would allow employees to circumvent the complex, time-consuming, and management-skewed NLRB certification process. Instead of a full-blown election, workers would have the choice of “card check,” where all they have to do is sign cards indicating they wish to become union members. If a majority of the workforce signs such cards they instantly belong to a union.

Naturally, most businesses hate the idea of the streamlining the process. They object to anything that makes joining a union easier. Indeed, if it were their call, many businesses would prefer seeing unions made illegal or “state-run,” as they are in the most repressive countries in the world. Accordingly, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce has spent millions lobbying against passage of the EFCA.

While card check is the most celebrated feature of the EFCA, there are two other provisions in this bill that are equally—if not more—important. Card check is an enormous advantage to unions, but it’s not a “new” method. It’s already used voluntarily by companies who feel they can either defeat the measure through anti-union propaganda, or believe there’s benefit in being seen as “labor friendly.”

But the two other features of this bill could be seen as labor milestones.
First, the EFCA will give the union the right to demand that the company begin contract negotiations within 10 days of certification. Ask any union organizers how hard it is to get that first contract, and they’ll tell you that companies are notorious for dragging their feet—either by stalling interminably before sitting down with the union, or purposely prolonging the negotiations to the point where novice memberships get so antsy, they lose their nerve and ask for decertification. It happens.
However, under the EFCA, if the parties are unable to reach an agreement within 90 days, either side, union or management, can request that the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service (FMCS) be brought in to mediate the bargain. Mediators already assist in contract bargains, particularly when strikes have been called or appear to be imminent, so having one present isn’t innovative.

But here’s the astonishing part: If the parties can’t reach a mediated settlement within 30 days, the FMCS has the authority to finalize the contract. In effect, it would be binding arbitration. The notion of an outside party—a government agency, no less—setting the terms of a labor agreement would put the fear of God in management, causing them to do everything in their power to reach an equitable agreement. It’s a profound improvement to the process.

Second, the EFCA would require the NLRB to seek an immediate injunction when there is “reasonable cause” to believe an employer has fired, suspended or harassed an employee for engaging in a union organizing or first contract drive. Moreover, an employer who is found guilty of illegally firing or suspending a union activist would be required to pay that employee three times his back pay—the amount of his lost wages, plus two times that sum in punitive damages—plus as much as $20,000 in civil fines.

So there it is. The EFCA will not only make card check a way of life, it will prevent companies who hope to avoid having to agree to a fair contract from stalling or playing mind games at the bargaining table, and will stop (or seriously curtail) management from illegally thwarting union activism in the workplace.

It’s no wonder the Republican Party and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce are going ape-shit over this. Arguably, the EFCA would be the first big-time pro-labor legislation to come down the pike since the 1935 Wagner Act. Now it’s up to Obama and the Democrats to step up to the plate and get it done.

David Macaray, a Los Angeles playwright (“Borneo Bob,” “Larva Boy”) and writer, was a former labor rep. He can be reached at dmacaray@earthlink.net

Only 8 percent of workers in the U.S. belong to unions currently
, down from a high of 35 percent in the 1950s. Higher wages for all workers will do more to stimulate the economy, due to increased consumer spending for housing, etc.. than any other single thing.

While your lead editor lived in Missoula, Montana, in the 1990s, a time came when I found myself between jobs, and out of the federal government, for whom I had worked for ten years previously. The only short-term job I could find in the tough college-town environment there was as a "revenue accounting technician" for the Iowa-Missouri Rail Link (IMRL), a small midwestern railroad bought up Missoula's local billionaire, Dennis Washington. He also owned Montana Rail Link (MRL), a railroad connecting Montana with the adjacent states. Our section was in charge of billing all the concerns shipping materials in the railcars, each car had to have a separate "bill of lading", which was charged by weight, distance traveled, etc.. Since the IMRL was a new operation there, everyone working in that department was newly hired, including myself, and primarily composed of single mothers, widows, and divorcees.

The MRL employees, on the other side of the building, were all unionized, and made, as a minimum, 12.50 an hour (this was in 1997-98). The non-unionized IMRL people, were hired in at 7.50 an hour (try living on that in a place like Missoula!), which went up to 8.50 after one year. There was an evening shift, and some weekend work was required, yet there were no shift differentials for that. I got to talking with the unionized folks across the way, and they encouraged me to try and organize our side. I was all for that, as we all desperately needed the higher pay, and I was not happy that we were being exploited. As well, I knew I would get back into the federal govt. eventually, as a meteorologist, so was willing to take some chances.

The higher supervisors told us not to talk to the other section (which was illegal!). I talked with all my co-workers individually, and in small groups, and got favorable input for trying to organize our side into the union. Management found out, and called a hasty meeting, where they said that unionization would lead to fewer positions, the possibility of being "bumped" out by more experienced people from the other side, and less autonomy in our job duties. It was a classic scare-tactic, and quasi-illegal. Unfortunately, then, a vote was held, and our section decided not to unionize. That was a personal blow to me, as I had put alot of effort into organizing, for the betterment of all of us, especially the single mothers that had children. But, I then realized, that was why they were hired. Because these women were so vulnerable, with relatively few employable skills, they were easily threatened and manipulable, and so fell for the management threats. That was quite a lesson for me. Fortunately, I did get back on into the federal government. by taking a position in Juneau, Alaska, shortly thereafter. I didn't take what I initially felt as a betrayal personally, for very long, once I realized why my organizing efforts failed.

This is why the Employee Free Choice Act is so important, by more easily allowing workers to organize, higher percentages will join unions, helping them to a better standard of living, and helping the overall economy, as well. For those of you living in the western states, go to Costco, and then Sam's Club, and notice the difference. Costco's employees are unionized, make several dollars more per hour, and have better benefits, than those at Sam's Club (a subsidiary of WalMart). Costco has much lower employee turnover, more professional and highly trained staff, and as a result, a nicer environment to be in. The Wall Street Journal, a few years ago, panned Costco for treating their employees too well, at shareholder expense. Yet Costco has found it to their advantage to have a happier workforce with lower turnover, which all came about through the force of organized labor.
This will be a strong test of the Obama administration. If he/it ends up not supporting the EFCA and working for it's passage, that will be a stunning betrayal of organized labor, who helped get him elected. WORKERS OF THE WORLD UNITE!

Friday, February 6, 2009

GREEN TO THE FUTURE

As most of you know, A.P.R., is a green-oriented publication, and if someone asks me personally, about my political orientation, I don't hesitate in saying I'm a Green.

Green parties in all the "developed countries" have been around for several decades, and in some countries, such as Germany, have been able to influence policy, and have a significant number of seats in their parliaments.


And when I refer to myself as a Green, people in the other countries I've visited have always immediately been able to relate that to having an expansive, non-militaristic/competitive worldview, with a strong concern for peace, and social/political/environmental justice.

A.P.R. was certainly relieved that a Democratic president was elected instead of the overtly fascist alternative, but nevertheless, this country will still not see universal health coverage, expanded jobs programs, mortgage re-financing (to end the flood of re-possessions and plummeting real estate values), and other social benefits, without struggle. We are not of the "I told you so" ilk here, but so far what we see coming out of the White House is not promising, all the cabinet appointees have nothing new to offer, and except for one or two, could not be considered progressive. http://counterpunch.org/cockburn02062009.html . That being said, what would be happening, if whom we supported at A.P.R. had been elected? Well, give this a read, and see what you think.

GREEN PARTY FIRST 100 DAYS

How would a Green Party administration handle its first 100 days in office? Longtime Green activist John Rensenbrink offers these suggestions:

"Initiate a one-trillion dollar community-based grant-in-aid program from the national government to local communities. These funds will be channeled though collaborative arrangements between state and local governments and require maximum feasible participation in governance by all parts of each local community receiving these grants. Also required is a 5% matching grant from each participating local community. The purposes of the grants are for sustainable community development and community empowerment.

The grants include funds for renewable energy, conservation, work-force housing, small business development coupled with apprenticeship programs to hire the unskilled, open space, extra support for teachers and for ecologically informed education, college scholarships, food and water security, public works, public transportation, regional cooperative projects, support for neighborhood policing programs, and support for the arts. This replaces the "bailout from the top" scheme initiated in late 2008 called the Troubled Asset Relief Program. [These kind of projects are desperately needed in the hundreds of villages in the Alaska "bush", where poverty and unemployment rates are very high, A.P.R.]

Substantially lower the income tax and combine this with a carbon tax of $250 per ton to be phased in at the rate of $25 per year from 2009 to 2020 - the carbon tax to be offset at each step of the way with a matching reduction in income tax. This is advocated by Lester Brown of "State of the World" fame and is designed to discourage fossil fuel use and to stimulate investment of renewable sources of energy.

Extend Medicare to the entire population; in other words, a single payer health care program for all.
Establish a financial transactions fee. Economist Dean Baker estimates that a very small fee ranging up to, say, 0.25% will yield $100 billion or more annually. The fee would be placed on the sale or transfer of stocks, bonds, and other financial assets, including the great variety of exotic and speculator-driven financial instruments so much in the news lately.

Initiate a reparations program for dispossessed African American and Native American peoples.

Initiate a constitutional amendment for the election of President and Vice President by popular vote.

Pressure state and local governments to institute instant run-off voting in elections and to develop pilot programs for proportional representation.

Push for laws and administrative rules in military and civilian life that provide support for gay marriage and gay families.

End the drug war, decriminalize cannabis, and support growing hemp for industrial use.

Initiate a constitutional amendment affirming that the word "person" in the 14th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States applies to real persons and not to corporations.

Initiate -- through collaborative diplomacy -- Peace, Justice, and Sustainability Summits, starting with summits engaging respectively the governments in the Americas, in Europe, in Africa, in the Middle East, and in the Asia-Pacific region, leading to a World Summit on Peace, Justice, and Sustainability within two years.

Promote in these summits a worldwide program for collective security; renewable energy; and community-based sustainability programs in food, water, energy development, education, transportation, and local self-reliance, with guaranteed participation by all sections of the local community.Promote in these summits plans and provisions to end the trade in arms, the trafficking of women, and the militarization of space.

End the war and the military occupations in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Promote equally the security and rights of both Israel and Palestine.

Develop a plan to close American military bases throughout the world, phasing out the bases in step with collaborative actions to provide the affected countries with alternative collective security arrangements.

Take leadership in promoting a worldwide financial transactions fee, the funds raised to be directed primarily to solar power development in developing countries.

Institute a world-wide carbon tax, proceeds to be used to lower taxes that burden small businesses.

Create a World Environmental and Labor Protection Organization alongside the World Trade Organization -- or expand the WTO to include protection of the environment and labor."
Now, polls consistently show that the majority of Americans support almost all the items listed in this what-if scenario. So, why don't we have universal health-care, etc..? Because the democrats and republicans all are beholden to the insurance industry, and until other parties are elected, nothing will change. Unfortunately, the corporate media does its best to ensure third-party candidates, or progressive democrats, and their ideas, are ignored, or cast as flaky, and idealistic/unrealistic.

With the economic situation continuing to worsen though, it's quite possible the Obama administration will be forced to take stronger actions when millions more jobs are lost, and civil unrest becomes possible. Which could easily happen, the way things are going. Just remember though, as you've heard here many times. Nothing we take for granted, job benefits (vacations, 40 hr. work-week, etc.), health insurance, civil rights, women's rights, etc.. came about through voting. They all came about because of decades of struggle and opposition. So it will be, if we do wish to see universal health care, and the other social benefits the rest of the "developed world" enjoys. Cheers.